server/crates/arbiter-server/migrations/2026-02-14-171124-0000_init/up.sql

@@ -244,3 +244,35 @@ create table if not exists proposal_result (
     data        blob    not null,
     created_at  integer not null default(unixepoch('now'))
 ) STRICT;
+
+-- ===============================
+-- Recovery Operators (§3.5/§3.6)
+-- ===============================
+
+create table if not exists recovery_operator_identity (
+    id         integer not null primary key,
+    public_key blob    not null unique,
+    created_at integer not null default(unixepoch('now')),
+    updated_at integer not null default(unixepoch('now'))
+) STRICT;
+
+-- One active wakeup request at a time. A request is pending when cancelled_at IS NULL
+-- and requested_at + 14 days > now. It becomes active (recovery live) after 14 days.
+create table if not exists recovery_wakeup_request (
+    id           integer not null primary key,
+    requested_by integer not null references operator_identity(id) on delete restrict,
+    requested_at integer not null default(unixepoch('now')),
+    cancelled_by integer references operator_identity(id) on delete restrict,
+    cancelled_at integer
+) STRICT;
+
+-- Votes cast by recovery operators; only allowed on replace_operator proposals.
+create table if not exists recovery_proposal_vote (
+    id                   integer not null primary key,
+    proposal_id          integer not null references proposal(id) on delete cascade,
+    recovery_operator_id integer not null references recovery_operator_identity(id) on delete restrict,
+    approve              integer not null check (approve in (0, 1)),
+    signature            blob    not null,
+    voted_at             integer not null default(unixepoch('now')),
+    unique (proposal_id, recovery_operator_id)
+) STRICT;

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/actors/proposal_manager.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ use crate::{
     actors::{evm::EvmActor, vault::Vault},
     db::{
         self,
-        models::{NewProposal, NewProposalVote, Proposal, ProposalStatus, SqliteTimestamp},
+        models::{
+            NewProposal, NewProposalVote, NewRecoveryProposalVote,
+            NewRecoveryWakeupRequest, Proposal, ProposalStatus, SqliteTimestamp,
+        },
         schema,
     },
 };
@@ -142,6 +145,14 @@ pub enum Error {
     DatabaseQuery(#[from] diesel::result::Error),
     #[error("Execution failed: {0}")]
     ExecutionFailed(String),
+    #[error("Recovery operators are sleeping")]
+    RecoveryNotActive,
+    #[error("Recovery operators may only vote on operator replacement")]
+    NotAllowedForRecoveryOperator,
+    #[error("A recovery wake-up is already pending or active")]
+    WakeupAlreadyPending,
+    #[error("No active recovery wake-up to cancel")]
+    NoActiveWakeup,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -379,6 +390,15 @@ impl ProposalManager {
             .count()
             .get_result(&mut conn)
             .await?;
+        let recovery_active = Self::is_recovery_active_conn(&mut conn).await?;
+        let total_recovery: i64 = if recovery_active {
+            schema::recovery_operator_identity::table
+                .count()
+                .get_result(&mut conn)
+                .await?
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
         #[expect(
             clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
             clippy::cast_sign_loss,
@@ -386,25 +406,40 @@ impl ProposalManager {
             reason = "operator count is always a small positive integer"
         )]
         let threshold = if ProposalKind::requires_full_quorum(&proposal.kind) {
-            // §3.3: key-rotation proposals require every operator to approve
-            total_operators as usize
+            // §3.3: key-rotation proposals require every eligible voter to approve
+            // §3.5: when recovery is active, recovery operators also vote on replace_operator
+            (total_operators + total_recovery) as usize
         } else {
             crate::crypto::shamir::shamir_threshold(total_operators as usize)
         };
 
-        let approve_count: i64 = schema::proposal_vote::table
+        let ordinary_approve: i64 = schema::proposal_vote::table
             .filter(schema::proposal_vote::proposal_id.eq(proposal_id))
             .filter(schema::proposal_vote::approve.eq(true))
             .count()
             .get_result(&mut conn)
             .await?;
+        let recovery_approve: i64 = schema::recovery_proposal_vote::table
+            .filter(schema::recovery_proposal_vote::proposal_id.eq(proposal_id))
+            .filter(schema::recovery_proposal_vote::approve.eq(true))
+            .count()
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+        let approve_count = ordinary_approve + recovery_approve;
 
-        let reject_count: i64 = schema::proposal_vote::table
+        let ordinary_reject: i64 = schema::proposal_vote::table
             .filter(schema::proposal_vote::proposal_id.eq(proposal_id))
             .filter(schema::proposal_vote::approve.eq(false))
             .count()
             .get_result(&mut conn)
             .await?;
+        let recovery_reject: i64 = schema::recovery_proposal_vote::table
+            .filter(schema::recovery_proposal_vote::proposal_id.eq(proposal_id))
+            .filter(schema::recovery_proposal_vote::approve.eq(false))
+            .count()
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+        let reject_count = ordinary_reject + recovery_reject;
 
         #[expect(
             clippy::cast_possible_wrap,
@@ -423,7 +458,184 @@ impl ProposalManager {
             return Ok(VoteOutcome::QuorumApproved);
         }
 
-        if reject_count > total_operators - threshold_i64 {
+        let total_eligible = total_operators + total_recovery;
+        if reject_count > total_eligible - threshold_i64 {
+            diesel::update(schema::proposal::table.find(proposal_id))
+                .set(schema::proposal::status.eq(ProposalStatus::Rejected))
+                .execute(&mut conn)
+                .await?;
+            return Ok(VoteOutcome::QuorumRejected);
+        }
+
+        Ok(VoteOutcome::Pending)
+    }
+
+    /// §3.6: Any ordinary operator may request recovery wake-up.
+    /// Fails if a wake-up is already pending or active.
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn request_recovery_wakeup(&mut self, operator_id: i32) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let mut conn = self.db.get().await?;
+        if Self::has_uncancelled_wakeup(&mut conn).await? {
+            return Err(Error::WakeupAlreadyPending);
+        }
+        diesel::insert_into(schema::recovery_wakeup_request::table)
+            .values(&NewRecoveryWakeupRequest {
+                requested_by: operator_id,
+            })
+            .execute(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// §3.6: Any ordinary operator may cancel a pending wake-up request.
+    /// Fails if there is no uncancelled request.
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn cancel_recovery_wakeup(&mut self, operator_id: i32) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let mut conn = self.db.get().await?;
+        let rows_updated = diesel::update(schema::recovery_wakeup_request::table)
+            .filter(schema::recovery_wakeup_request::cancelled_at.is_null())
+            .set((
+                schema::recovery_wakeup_request::cancelled_by.eq(Some(operator_id)),
+                schema::recovery_wakeup_request::cancelled_at
+                    .eq(Some(SqliteTimestamp::now())),
+            ))
+            .execute(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+        if rows_updated == 0 {
+            return Err(Error::NoActiveWakeup);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// §3.5: Recovery operators may only vote on operator replacement proposals.
+    /// §3.6: Voting is gated behind recovery being active (14-day window elapsed).
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn cast_recovery_vote(
+        &mut self,
+        proposal_id: i32,
+        recovery_operator_id: i32,
+        approve: bool,
+        signature: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<VoteOutcome, Error> {
+        use arbiter_crypto::authn::{self, GOVERNANCE_CONTEXT};
+
+        let mut conn = self.db.get().await?;
+
+        let proposal: Proposal = schema::proposal::table
+            .find(proposal_id)
+            .first(&mut conn)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| match e {
+                diesel::result::Error::NotFound => Error::ProposalNotFound,
+                other => Error::DatabaseQuery(other),
+            })?;
+
+        if proposal.kind != "replace_operator" {
+            return Err(Error::NotAllowedForRecoveryOperator);
+        }
+
+        if !Self::is_recovery_active_conn(&mut conn).await? {
+            return Err(Error::RecoveryNotActive);
+        }
+
+        let existing: i64 = schema::recovery_proposal_vote::table
+            .filter(schema::recovery_proposal_vote::proposal_id.eq(proposal_id))
+            .filter(schema::recovery_proposal_vote::recovery_operator_id.eq(recovery_operator_id))
+            .count()
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+        if existing > 0 {
+            return Err(Error::AlreadyVoted);
+        }
+
+        if proposal.status != ProposalStatus::Pending {
+            return Err(Error::ProposalNotPending);
+        }
+
+        let pubkey_bytes: Vec<u8> = schema::recovery_operator_identity::table
+            .find(recovery_operator_id)
+            .select(schema::recovery_operator_identity::public_key)
+            .first(&mut conn)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| match e {
+                diesel::result::Error::NotFound => Error::OperatorNotFound,
+                other => Error::DatabaseQuery(other),
+            })?;
+
+        let pubkey = authn::PublicKey::try_from(pubkey_bytes.as_slice())
+            .map_err(|()| Error::InvalidSignature)?;
+
+        let mut vote_msg = Vec::with_capacity(9);
+        vote_msg.extend_from_slice(&i64::from(proposal_id).to_be_bytes());
+        vote_msg.push(u8::from(approve));
+
+        let auth_sig = authn::Signature::try_from(signature.as_slice())
+            .map_err(|()| Error::InvalidSignature)?;
+
+        if !pubkey.verify_message(&vote_msg, GOVERNANCE_CONTEXT, &auth_sig) {
+            return Err(Error::InvalidSignature);
+        }
+
+        diesel::insert_into(schema::recovery_proposal_vote::table)
+            .values(&NewRecoveryProposalVote {
+                proposal_id,
+                recovery_operator_id,
+                approve,
+                signature,
+            })
+            .execute(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+
+        // Quorum: all ordinary + all recovery operators must approve (§3.3 + §3.5)
+        let total_ordinary: i64 = schema::operator_identity::table
+            .count()
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+        let total_recovery: i64 = schema::recovery_operator_identity::table
+            .count()
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+        let threshold_i64 = total_ordinary + total_recovery;
+
+        let ordinary_approve: i64 = schema::proposal_vote::table
+            .filter(schema::proposal_vote::proposal_id.eq(proposal_id))
+            .filter(schema::proposal_vote::approve.eq(true))
+            .count()
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+        let recovery_approve: i64 = schema::recovery_proposal_vote::table
+            .filter(schema::recovery_proposal_vote::proposal_id.eq(proposal_id))
+            .filter(schema::recovery_proposal_vote::approve.eq(true))
+            .count()
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+        let approve_count = ordinary_approve + recovery_approve;
+
+        if approve_count >= threshold_i64 {
+            diesel::update(schema::proposal::table.find(proposal_id))
+                .set(schema::proposal::status.eq(ProposalStatus::Approved))
+                .execute(&mut conn)
+                .await?;
+            drop(conn);
+            self.execute_proposal(&proposal).await?;
+            return Ok(VoteOutcome::QuorumApproved);
+        }
+
+        let recovery_reject: i64 = schema::recovery_proposal_vote::table
+            .filter(schema::recovery_proposal_vote::proposal_id.eq(proposal_id))
+            .filter(schema::recovery_proposal_vote::approve.eq(false))
+            .count()
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+        let ordinary_reject: i64 = schema::proposal_vote::table
+            .filter(schema::proposal_vote::proposal_id.eq(proposal_id))
+            .filter(schema::proposal_vote::approve.eq(false))
+            .count()
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+        let reject_count = ordinary_reject + recovery_reject;
+
+        if reject_count > threshold_i64 - approve_count - reject_count {
             diesel::update(schema::proposal::table.find(proposal_id))
                 .set(schema::proposal::status.eq(ProposalStatus::Rejected))
                 .execute(&mut conn)
@@ -436,6 +648,40 @@ impl ProposalManager {
 }
 
 impl ProposalManager {
+    const WAKEUP_DELAY_SECS: i32 = 14 * 24 * 60 * 60;
+
+    /// Returns true when an uncancelled wakeup request has passed the 14-day dispute window.
+    async fn is_recovery_active_conn(
+        conn: &mut db::DatabaseConnection,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let count: i64 = schema::recovery_wakeup_request::table
+            .filter(schema::recovery_wakeup_request::cancelled_at.is_null())
+            .filter(
+                schema::recovery_wakeup_request::requested_at.le(diesel::dsl::sql::<
+                    diesel::sql_types::Integer,
+                >(&format!(
+                    "unixepoch('now') - {}",
+                    Self::WAKEUP_DELAY_SECS
+                ))),
+            )
+            .count()
+            .get_result(conn)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(count > 0)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true when there is any uncancelled wakeup request (pending or active).
+    async fn has_uncancelled_wakeup(
+        conn: &mut db::DatabaseConnection,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let count: i64 = schema::recovery_wakeup_request::table
+            .filter(schema::recovery_wakeup_request::cancelled_at.is_null())
+            .count()
+            .get_result(conn)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(count > 0)
+    }
+
     async fn execute_proposal(&self, proposal: &Proposal) -> Result<(), Error> {
         let kind = ProposalKind::decode(&proposal.kind, &proposal.payload)
             .map_err(Error::ExecutionFailed)?;

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/db/models.rs

@@ -527,4 +527,19 @@ pub struct NewProposalVote {
 pub struct NewProposalResult {
     pub proposal_id: i32,
     pub data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Insertable)]
+#[diesel(table_name = schema::recovery_proposal_vote, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
+pub struct NewRecoveryProposalVote {
+    pub proposal_id: i32,
+    pub recovery_operator_id: i32,
+    pub approve: bool,
+    pub signature: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Insertable)]
+#[diesel(table_name = schema::recovery_wakeup_request, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
+pub struct NewRecoveryWakeupRequest {
+    pub requested_by: i32,
 }

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/db/schema.rs

@@ -192,6 +192,36 @@ diesel::table! {
     }
 }
 
+diesel::table! {
+    recovery_operator_identity (id) {
+        id -> Integer,
+        public_key -> Binary,
+        created_at -> Integer,
+        updated_at -> Integer,
+    }
+}
+
+diesel::table! {
+    recovery_wakeup_request (id) {
+        id -> Integer,
+        requested_by -> Integer,
+        requested_at -> Integer,
+        cancelled_by -> Nullable<Integer>,
+        cancelled_at -> Nullable<Integer>,
+    }
+}
+
+diesel::table! {
+    recovery_proposal_vote (id) {
+        id -> Integer,
+        proposal_id -> Integer,
+        recovery_operator_id -> Integer,
+        approve -> Bool,
+        signature -> Binary,
+        voted_at -> Integer,
+    }
+}
+
 diesel::table! {
     proposal_vote (id) {
         id -> Integer,
@@ -260,10 +290,16 @@ diesel::joinable!(proposal -> operator_identity (initiator_id));
 diesel::joinable!(proposal_result -> proposal (proposal_id));
 diesel::joinable!(proposal_vote -> proposal (proposal_id));
 diesel::joinable!(proposal_vote -> operator_identity (operator_id));
+diesel::joinable!(recovery_proposal_vote -> proposal (proposal_id));
+diesel::joinable!(recovery_proposal_vote -> recovery_operator_identity (recovery_operator_id));
+diesel::joinable!(recovery_wakeup_request -> operator_identity (requested_by));
 
 diesel::allow_tables_to_appear_in_same_query!(
     aead_encrypted,
     proposal_result,
+    recovery_operator_identity,
+    recovery_wakeup_request,
+    recovery_proposal_vote,
     arbiter_settings,
     client_metadata,
     client_metadata_history,

server/crates/arbiter-server/tests/governance.rs

@@ -2,13 +2,20 @@ use arbiter_crypto::authn::{self, GOVERNANCE_CONTEXT};
 use arbiter_server::{
     actors::{
         GlobalActors,
-        proposal_manager::{CastVote, CreateProposal, Error as ProposalError, ExpireStale, ProposalKind, QueryPending, VoteOutcome},
+        proposal_manager::{
+            CancelRecoveryWakeup, CastRecoveryVote, CastVote, CreateProposal,
+            Error as ProposalError, ExpireStale, ProposalKind, QueryPending,
+            RequestRecoveryWakeup, VoteOutcome,
+        },
     },
     crypto::KeyCell,
     db,
 };
 use arbiter_server::actors::vault::Bootstrap;
-use arbiter_server::db::schema::{aead_encrypted, evm_basic_grant, evm_wallet, evm_wallet_access, operator_identity, proposal_result};
+use arbiter_server::db::schema::{
+    aead_encrypted, evm_basic_grant, evm_wallet, evm_wallet_access, operator_identity,
+    proposal_result, recovery_operator_identity,
+};
 use diesel::{ExpressionMethods, QueryDsl, insert_into};
 use diesel_async::RunQueryDsl;
 
@@ -22,6 +29,28 @@ async fn register_operator(db: &db::DatabasePool, pubkey: &authn::PublicKey) ->
         .unwrap()
 }
 
+async fn register_recovery_operator(db: &db::DatabasePool, pubkey: &authn::PublicKey) -> i32 {
+    let mut conn = db.get().await.unwrap();
+    insert_into(recovery_operator_identity::table)
+        .values(recovery_operator_identity::public_key.eq(pubkey.to_bytes()))
+        .returning(recovery_operator_identity::id)
+        .get_result::<i32>(&mut conn)
+        .await
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Backdates a wakeup request so it appears to have passed the 14-day window.
+async fn insert_active_wakeup(db: &db::DatabasePool, operator_id: i32) {
+    let mut conn = db.get().await.unwrap();
+    diesel::sql_query(format!(
+        "INSERT INTO recovery_wakeup_request (requested_by, requested_at) \
+         VALUES ({operator_id}, unixepoch('now') - 14*24*3600 - 1)"
+    ))
+    .execute(&mut conn)
+    .await
+    .unwrap();
+}
+
 fn make_vote_message(proposal_id: i32, approve: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
     let mut msg = Vec::with_capacity(9);
     msg.extend_from_slice(&(proposal_id as i64).to_be_bytes());
@@ -878,3 +907,204 @@ async fn approve_server_update_reaches_quorum() {
 
     assert_eq!(outcome, VoteOutcome::QuorumApproved);
 }
+
+// ─── §3.5 / §3.6 Recovery Operator tests ──────────────────────────────────
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn recovery_vote_rejected_when_sleeping() {
+    let db = db::create_test_pool().await;
+    let actors = GlobalActors::spawn(db.clone()).await.unwrap();
+    actors.vault.ask(Bootstrap { seal_key: KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]) }).await.unwrap();
+
+    let op_key = authn::SigningKey::generate();
+    let op_id = register_operator(&db, &op_key.public_key()).await;
+    let rec_key = authn::SigningKey::generate();
+    let rec_id = register_recovery_operator(&db, &rec_key.public_key()).await;
+
+    let new_pubkey = authn::SigningKey::generate().public_key().to_bytes();
+    let proposal_id = actors
+        .proposal_manager
+        .ask(CreateProposal {
+            kind: ProposalKind::ReplaceOperator { new_pubkey },
+            initiator_id: op_id,
+            ttl_secs: None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let msg = make_vote_message(proposal_id, true);
+    let sig = rec_key.sign_message(&msg, GOVERNANCE_CONTEXT).unwrap();
+    let err = actors
+        .proposal_manager
+        .ask(CastRecoveryVote {
+            proposal_id,
+            recovery_operator_id: rec_id,
+            approve: true,
+            signature: sig.to_bytes(),
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(
+        matches!(err, kameo::error::SendError::HandlerError(ProposalError::RecoveryNotActive)),
+        "expected RecoveryNotActive, got {err:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn recovery_vote_blocked_on_non_replace_proposal() {
+    let db = db::create_test_pool().await;
+    let actors = GlobalActors::spawn(db.clone()).await.unwrap();
+    actors.vault.ask(Bootstrap { seal_key: KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]) }).await.unwrap();
+
+    let op_key = authn::SigningKey::generate();
+    let op_id = register_operator(&db, &op_key.public_key()).await;
+    let rec_key = authn::SigningKey::generate();
+    let rec_id = register_recovery_operator(&db, &rec_key.public_key()).await;
+
+    insert_active_wakeup(&db, op_id).await;
+
+    let client_key = authn::SigningKey::generate();
+    let client_id = insert_unapproved_client(&db, &client_key.public_key()).await;
+    let proposal_id = actors
+        .proposal_manager
+        .ask(CreateProposal {
+            kind: ProposalKind::ApproveSdkClient { client_id },
+            initiator_id: op_id,
+            ttl_secs: None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let msg = make_vote_message(proposal_id, true);
+    let sig = rec_key.sign_message(&msg, GOVERNANCE_CONTEXT).unwrap();
+    let err = actors
+        .proposal_manager
+        .ask(CastRecoveryVote {
+            proposal_id,
+            recovery_operator_id: rec_id,
+            approve: true,
+            signature: sig.to_bytes(),
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(
+        matches!(
+            err,
+            kameo::error::SendError::HandlerError(ProposalError::NotAllowedForRecoveryOperator)
+        ),
+        "expected NotAllowedForRecoveryOperator, got {err:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn recovery_wakeup_can_be_cancelled() {
+    let db = db::create_test_pool().await;
+    let actors = GlobalActors::spawn(db.clone()).await.unwrap();
+    actors.vault.ask(Bootstrap { seal_key: KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]) }).await.unwrap();
+
+    let key = authn::SigningKey::generate();
+    let op_id = register_operator(&db, &key.public_key()).await;
+
+    actors
+        .proposal_manager
+        .ask(RequestRecoveryWakeup { operator_id: op_id })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    actors
+        .proposal_manager
+        .ask(CancelRecoveryWakeup { operator_id: op_id })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    // Second request must succeed (previous one was cancelled)
+    actors
+        .proposal_manager
+        .ask(RequestRecoveryWakeup { operator_id: op_id })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn recovery_wakeup_prevents_duplicate_request() {
+    let db = db::create_test_pool().await;
+    let actors = GlobalActors::spawn(db.clone()).await.unwrap();
+    actors.vault.ask(Bootstrap { seal_key: KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]) }).await.unwrap();
+
+    let key = authn::SigningKey::generate();
+    let op_id = register_operator(&db, &key.public_key()).await;
+
+    actors
+        .proposal_manager
+        .ask(RequestRecoveryWakeup { operator_id: op_id })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let err = actors
+        .proposal_manager
+        .ask(RequestRecoveryWakeup { operator_id: op_id })
+        .await
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(
+        matches!(err, kameo::error::SendError::HandlerError(ProposalError::WakeupAlreadyPending)),
+        "expected WakeupAlreadyPending, got {err:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn recovery_operator_vote_contributes_to_replace_quorum() {
+    // 1 ordinary operator + 1 recovery operator; replace_operator needs both.
+    let db = db::create_test_pool().await;
+    let actors = GlobalActors::spawn(db.clone()).await.unwrap();
+    actors.vault.ask(Bootstrap { seal_key: KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]) }).await.unwrap();
+
+    let op_key = authn::SigningKey::generate();
+    let op_id = register_operator(&db, &op_key.public_key()).await;
+    let rec_key = authn::SigningKey::generate();
+    let rec_id = register_recovery_operator(&db, &rec_key.public_key()).await;
+
+    insert_active_wakeup(&db, op_id).await;
+
+    let new_pubkey = authn::SigningKey::generate().public_key().to_bytes();
+    let proposal_id = actors
+        .proposal_manager
+        .ask(CreateProposal {
+            kind: ProposalKind::ReplaceOperator { new_pubkey },
+            initiator_id: op_id,
+            ttl_secs: None,
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    // Ordinary operator approves — still pending (needs recovery too)
+    let msg = make_vote_message(proposal_id, true);
+    let sig = op_key.sign_message(&msg, GOVERNANCE_CONTEXT).unwrap();
+    let outcome = actors
+        .proposal_manager
+        .ask(CastVote {
+            proposal_id,
+            operator_id: op_id,
+            approve: true,
+            signature: sig.to_bytes(),
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(outcome, VoteOutcome::Pending);
+
+    // Recovery operator approves — now quorum is reached
+    let sig = rec_key.sign_message(&msg, GOVERNANCE_CONTEXT).unwrap();
+    let outcome = actors
+        .proposal_manager
+        .ask(CastRecoveryVote {
+            proposal_id,
+            recovery_operator_id: rec_id,
+            approve: true,
+            signature: sig.to_bytes(),
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(outcome, VoteOutcome::QuorumApproved);
+}