feat(vault)!: implement full Shamir re-key flow and governance execution (§3.3–§3.5)

- Add `rekey.proto` with `ContributePassphrase` / `ContributeRecoveryPassphrase` / `RekeyResult`
- Wire `rekey` as a 4th vault stream payload in `vault.proto` and gRPC dispatch
- Add `RekeyRootKey` message to `Vault` actor: generates new random seal key, re-encrypts root key, writes new `root_key_history` row
- Add `StartRekey`, `ContributeRekey`, `ContributeRecoveryRekey` messages to `VaultCoordinator`; `finalize_rekey` uses threshold-1 fast path identical to bootstrap
- `execute_replace_operator` now UPDATEs `operator_identity.public_key` in-place (avoids FK constraint violation), deletes stale `operator` share row, then triggers `StartRekey`
- `execute_update_shamir_parameters` triggers `StartRekey` instead of warning stub
- `ProposalKind::ReplaceOperator` carries `old_operator_id`; encode/decode updated accordingly
- `GlobalActors::spawn` extracts `vault_coordinator` before `Ok(Self { … })` so it can be cloned into `ProposalManager::new`
- Add `handle_rekey` in session handlers forwarding passphrase contributions to `VaultCoordinator`
- Fix test: rename `replace_operator_inserts_identity_row` → `replace_operator_updates_pubkey_and_starts_rekey`, assert count stays 1 and pubkey is updated

.gitignore

@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ scripts/__pycache__/
 .DS_Store
 .cargo/config.toml
 .vscode/
-docs/
+docs/superpowers

AGENTS.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This file provides guidance to Codex (Codex.ai/code) when working with code in t
 
 Arbiter is a **permissioned signing service** for cryptocurrency wallets. It consists of:
 - **`server/`** — Rust gRPC daemon that holds encrypted keys and enforces policies
-- **`useragent/`** — Flutter desktop app (macOS/Windows) with a Rust backend via Rinf
+- **`operator/`** — Flutter desktop app (macOS/Windows) with a Rust backend via Rinf
 - **`protobufs/`** — Protocol Buffer definitions shared between server and client
 
 The vault never exposes key material; it only produces signatures when requests satisfy configured policies.
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Key versions: Rust 1.93.0 (with clippy), Flutter 3.38.9-stable, protoc 29.6, die
 |---|---|
 | `arbiter-proto` | Generated gRPC stubs + protobuf types; compiled from `protobufs/*.proto` via `tonic-prost-build` |
 | `arbiter-server` | Main daemon — actors, DB, EVM policy engine, gRPC service implementation |
-| `arbiter-useragent` | Rust client library for the user agent side of the gRPC protocol |
+| `arbiter-operator` | Rust client library for the operator side of the gRPC protocol |
 | `arbiter-client` | Rust client library for SDK clients |
 
 ### Common Commands
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ The server is actor-based using the **kameo** crate. All long-lived state lives
 
 - **`Bootstrapper`** — Manages the one-time bootstrap token written to `~/.arbiter/bootstrap_token` on first run.
 - **`Vault`** — Holds the encrypted root key and manages the Sealed/Unsealed vault state machine. On unseal, decrypts the root key into a `memsafe` hardened memory cell.
-- **`FlowCoordinator`** — Coordinates cross-connection flow between user agents and SDK clients.
+- **`FlowCoordinator`** — Coordinates cross-connection flow between operators and SDK clients.
 - **`EvmActor`** — Handles EVM transaction policy enforcement and signing.
 
-Per-connection actors live under `actors/user_agent/` and `actors/client/`, each with `auth` (challenge-response authentication) and `session` (post-auth operations) sub-modules.
+Per-connection actors live under `actors/operator/` and `actors/client/`, each with `auth` (challenge-response authentication) and `session` (post-auth operations) sub-modules.
 
 **Database:** SQLite via `diesel-async` + `bb8` connection pool. Schema managed by embedded Diesel migrations in `crates/arbiter-server/migrations/`. DB file lives at `~/.arbiter/arbiter.sqlite`. Tests use a temp-file DB via `db::create_test_pool()`.
 
@@ -121,20 +121,20 @@ pub fn verify(&self, nonce: i32, context: &[u8], signature: &Signature) -> bool
 
 This forces callers to either use the return value or explicitly ignore it with `let _ = ...;`, preventing silent failures.
 
-## User Agent (Flutter + Rinf at `useragent/`)
+## Operator (Flutter + Rinf at `operator/`)
 
-The Flutter app uses [Rinf](https://rinf.cunarist.org) to call Rust code. The Rust logic lives in `useragent/native/hub/` as a separate crate that uses `arbiter-useragent` for the gRPC client.
+The Flutter app uses [Rinf](https://rinf.cunarist.org) to call Rust code. The Rust logic lives in `operator/native/hub/` as a separate crate that uses `arbiter-operator` for the gRPC client.
 
-Communication between Dart and Rust uses typed **signals** defined in `useragent/native/hub/src/signals/`. After modifying signal structs, regenerate Dart bindings:
+Communication between Dart and Rust uses typed **signals** defined in `operator/native/hub/src/signals/`. After modifying signal structs, regenerate Dart bindings:
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && rinf gen
+cd operator && rinf gen
 ```
 
 ### Common Commands
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent
+cd operator
 
 # Run the app (macOS or Windows)
 flutter run
@@ -146,4 +146,4 @@ rinf gen
 flutter analyze
 ```
 
-The Rinf Rust entry point is `useragent/native/hub/src/lib.rs`. It spawns actors defined in `useragent/native/hub/src/actors/` which handle Dart↔server communication via signals.
+The Rinf Rust entry point is `operator/native/hub/src/lib.rs`. It spawns actors defined in `operator/native/hub/src/actors/` which handle Dart↔server communication via signals.

CLAUDE.md

@@ -1,149 +1 @@
-# CLAUDE.md
-
-This file provides guidance to Claude Code (claude.ai/code) when working with code in this repository.
-
-## Project Overview
-
-Arbiter is a **permissioned signing service** for cryptocurrency wallets. It consists of:
-- **`server/`** — Rust gRPC daemon that holds encrypted keys and enforces policies
-- **`useragent/`** — Flutter desktop app (macOS/Windows) with a Rust backend via Rinf
-- **`protobufs/`** — Protocol Buffer definitions shared between server and client
-
-The vault never exposes key material; it only produces signatures when requests satisfy configured policies.
-
-## Toolchain Setup
-
-Tools are managed via [mise](https://mise.jdx.dev/). Install all required tools:
-```sh
-mise install
-```
-
-Key versions: Rust 1.93.0 (with clippy), Flutter 3.38.9-stable, protoc 29.6, diesel_cli 2.3.6 (sqlite).
-
-## Server (Rust workspace at `server/`)
-
-### Crates
-
-| Crate | Purpose |
-|---|---|
-| `arbiter-proto` | Generated gRPC stubs + protobuf types; compiled from `protobufs/*.proto` via `tonic-prost-build` |
-| `arbiter-server` | Main daemon — actors, DB, EVM policy engine, gRPC service implementation |
-| `arbiter-useragent` | Rust client library for the user agent side of the gRPC protocol |
-| `arbiter-client` | Rust client library for SDK clients |
-
-### Common Commands
-
-```sh
-cd server
-
-# Build
-cargo build
-
-# Run the server daemon
-cargo run -p arbiter-server
-
-# Run all tests (preferred over cargo test)
-cargo nextest run
-
-# Run a single test
-cargo nextest run <test_name>
-
-# Lint
-cargo clippy
-
-# Security audit
-cargo audit
-
-# Check unused dependencies
-cargo shear
-
-# Run snapshot tests and update snapshots
-cargo insta review
-```
-
-### Architecture
-
-The server is actor-based using the **kameo** crate. All long-lived state lives in `GlobalActors`:
-
-- **`Bootstrapper`** — Manages the one-time bootstrap token written to `~/.arbiter/bootstrap_token` on first run.
-- **`Vault`** — Holds the encrypted root key and manages the Sealed/Unsealed vault state machine. On unseal, decrypts the root key into a `memsafe` hardened memory cell.
-- **`FlowCoordinator`** — Coordinates cross-connection flow between user agents and SDK clients.
-- **`EvmActor`** — Handles EVM transaction policy enforcement and signing.
-
-Per-connection actors live under `actors/user_agent/` and `actors/client/`, each with `auth` (challenge-response authentication) and `session` (post-auth operations) sub-modules.
-
-**Database:** SQLite via `diesel-async` + `bb8` connection pool. Schema managed by embedded Diesel migrations in `crates/arbiter-server/migrations/`. DB file lives at `~/.arbiter/arbiter.sqlite`. Tests use a temp-file DB via `db::create_test_pool()`.
-
-**Cryptography:**
-- Authentication: ed25519 (challenge-response, nonce-tracked per peer)
-- Encryption at rest: XChaCha20-Poly1305 (versioned via `scheme` field for transparent migration on unseal)
-- Password KDF: Argon2
-- Unseal transport: X25519 ephemeral key exchange
-- TLS: self-signed certificate (aws-lc-rs backend), fingerprint distributed via `ArbiterUrl`
-
-**Protocol:** gRPC with Protocol Buffers. The `ArbiterUrl` type encodes host, port, CA cert, and bootstrap token into a single shareable string (printed to console on first run).
-
-### Proto Regeneration
-
-When `.proto` files in `protobufs/` change, rebuild to regenerate:
-```sh
-cd server && cargo build -p arbiter-proto
-```
-
-### Database Migrations
-
-```sh
-# Create a new migration
-diesel migration generate <name> --migration-dir crates/arbiter-server/migrations
-
-# Run migrations manually (server also runs them on startup)
-diesel migration run --migration-dir crates/arbiter-server/migrations
-```
-
-### Code Conventions
-
-**`#[must_use]` Attribute:**
-Apply the `#[must_use]` attribute to return types of functions where the return value is critical and should not be accidentally ignored. This is commonly used for:
-
-- Methods that return `bool` indicating success/failure or validation state
-- Any function where ignoring the return value indicates a logic error
-
-Do not apply `#[must_use]` redundantly to items (types or functions) that are already annotated with `#[must_use]`.
-
-Example:
-
-```rust
-#[must_use]
-pub fn verify(&self, nonce: i32, context: &[u8], signature: &Signature) -> bool {
-    // verification logic
-}
-```
-
-This forces callers to either use the return value or explicitly ignore it with `let _ = ...;`, preventing silent failures.
-
-## User Agent (Flutter + Rinf at `useragent/`)
-
-The Flutter app uses [Rinf](https://rinf.cunarist.org) to call Rust code. The Rust logic lives in `useragent/native/hub/` as a separate crate that uses `arbiter-useragent` for the gRPC client.
-
-Communication between Dart and Rust uses typed **signals** defined in `useragent/native/hub/src/signals/`. After modifying signal structs, regenerate Dart bindings:
-
-```sh
-cd useragent && rinf gen
-```
-
-### Common Commands
-
-```sh
-cd useragent
-
-# Run the app (macOS or Windows)
-flutter run
-
-# Regenerate Rust↔Dart signal bindings
-rinf gen
-
-# Analyze Dart code
-flutter analyze
-```
-
-The Rinf Rust entry point is `useragent/native/hub/src/lib.rs`. It spawns actors defined in `useragent/native/hub/src/actors/` which handle Dart↔server communication via signals.
+Refer to @AGENTS.md for instructions.

README.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 ## Security warning
 Arbiter can't meaningfully protect against host compromise. Potential attack flow:
 - Attacker steals TLS keys from database
-- Pretends to be server; just accepts user agent challenge solutions
+- Pretends to be server; just accepts operator challenge solutions
 - Pretend to be in sealed state and performing DH with client
 - Steals user password and derives seal key
 

docs/ARCHITECTURE.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Arbiter is a permissioned signing service for cryptocurrency wallets. It runs as
 
 Arbiter distinguishes two kinds of peers:
 
-- **User Agent** — A client application used by the owner to manage the vault (create wallets, approve SDK clients, configure policies).
+- **Operator** — A client application used by the owner to manage the vault (create wallets, approve SDK clients, configure policies).
 - **SDK Client** — A consumer of signing capabilities, typically an automation tool. In the future, this could include a browser-based wallet.
 - **Recovery Operator** — A dormant recovery participant with narrowly scoped authority used only for custody recovery and operator replacement.
 
@@ -22,30 +22,32 @@ Arbiter distinguishes two kinds of peers:
 All peers authenticate via public-key cryptography using a challenge-response protocol:
 
 1. The peer sends its public key and requests a challenge.
-2. The server looks up the key in its database. If found, it increments the nonce and returns a challenge (replay-attack protection).
-3. The peer signs the challenge with its private key and sends the signature back.
+2. The server looks up the key in its database. If found, it generates a fresh challenge from random bytes plus the current timestamp.
+3. The peer signs the canonical challenge payload with its private key and sends the signature back.
 4. The server verifies the signature:
    - **Pass:** The connection is considered authenticated.
    - **Fail:** The server closes the connection.
 
-### 2.2 User Agent Bootstrap
+Authentication challenges are per-connection, ephemeral values. They are not persisted in the peer tables, and peer records store no challenge state.
 
-On first run — when no User Agents are registered — the server generates a one-time bootstrap token. It is made available in two ways:
+### 2.2 Operator Bootstrap
 
-- **Local setup:** Written to `~/.arbiter/bootstrap_token` for automatic discovery by a co-located User Agent.
+On first run — when no Operators are registered — the server generates a one-time bootstrap token. It is made available in two ways:
+
+- **Local setup:** Written to `~/.arbiter/bootstrap_token` for automatic discovery by a co-located Operator.
 - **Remote setup:** Printed to the server's console output.
 
-The first User Agent must present this token alongside the standard challenge-response to complete registration.
+The first Operator must present this token alongside the standard challenge-response to complete registration.
 
 ### 2.3 SDK Client Registration
 
-There is no bootstrap mechanism for SDK clients. They must be explicitly approved by an already-registered User Agent.
+There is no bootstrap mechanism for SDK clients. They must be explicitly approved by an already-registered Operator.
 
 ---
 
 ## 3. Multi-Operator Governance
 
-When more than one User Agent is registered, the vault is treated as having multiple operators. In that mode, sensitive actions are governed by voting rather than by a single operator decision.
+When more than one Operator is registered, the vault is treated as having multiple operators. In that mode, sensitive actions are governed by voting rather than by a single operator decision.
 
 ### 3.1 Voting Rules
 
@@ -163,13 +165,13 @@ In both cases, committee formation is a coordinated process. Arbiter does not al
 
 When an unbootstrapped vault is initialized as a multi-operator vault, the setup proceeds as follows:
 
-1. An operator connects to the unbootstrapped vault using a User Agent and the bootstrap token.
+1. An operator connects to the unbootstrapped vault using an Operator and the bootstrap token.
 2. During bootstrap setup, that operator declares:
    - the total number of ordinary operators
    - the total number of Recovery Operators
 3. The vault enters **multi-bootstrap mode**.
 4. While in multi-bootstrap mode:
-   - every ordinary operator must connect with a User Agent using the bootstrap token
+   - every ordinary operator must connect with an Operator using the bootstrap token
    - every Recovery Operator must also connect using the bootstrap token
    - each participant is registered individually
    - each participant's share is created and protected with that participant's credentials
@@ -191,8 +193,8 @@ The server proves its identity using TLS with a self-signed certificate. The TLS
 
 Peers verify the server by its **public key fingerprint**:
 
-- **User Agent (local):** Receives the fingerprint automatically through the bootstrap token.
-- **User Agent (remote) / SDK Client:** Must receive the fingerprint out-of-band.
+- **Operator (local):** Receives the fingerprint automatically through the bootstrap token.
+- **Operator (remote) / SDK Client:** Must receive the fingerprint out-of-band.
 
 > A streamlined setup mechanism using a single connection string is planned but not yet implemented.
 
@@ -229,11 +231,11 @@ On boot, the root key is encrypted and the server cannot perform any signing ope
 
 ### 6.2 Unseal Flow
 
-To transition to the **Unsealed** state, a User Agent must provide the password:
+To transition to the **Unsealed** state, an Operator must provide the password:
 
-1. The User Agent initiates an unseal request.
+1. The Operator initiates an unseal request.
 2. The server generates a one-time key pair and returns the public key.
-3. The User Agent encrypts the user's password with this one-time public key and sends the ciphertext to the server.
+3. The Operator encrypts the user's password with this one-time public key and sends the ciphertext to the server.
 4. The server decrypts and verifies the password:
    - **Success:** The root key is decrypted and placed into a hardened memory cell. The server transitions to `Unsealed`. Any entries pending encryption scheme migration are re-encrypted.
    - **Failure:** The server returns an error indicating the password is incorrect.
@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@ See [IMPLEMENTATION.md](IMPLEMENTATION.md) for the current and planned memory pr
 ### 7.1 Fundamental Rules
 
 - SDK clients have **no access by default**.
-- Access is granted **explicitly** by a User Agent.
+- Access is granted **explicitly** by an Operator.
 - Grants are scoped to **specific wallets** and governed by **policies**.
 
 Each blockchain requires its own policy system due to differences in static transaction analysis. Currently, only EVM is supported; Solana support is planned.
@@ -275,19 +277,19 @@ sequenceDiagram
     autonumber
     actor SDK as SDK Client
     participant Server
-    participant UA as User Agent
+    participant operator as Operator
 
     SDK->>Server: SignTransactionRequest
     Server->>Server: Resolve wallet and wallet visibility
     alt Visibility approval required
-        Server->>UA: Ask for wallet visibility approval
-        UA-->>Server: Vote result
+        Server->>operator: Ask for wallet visibility approval
+        operator-->>Server: Vote result
     end
     Server->>Server: Evaluate transaction
     Server->>Server: Load grant and limits context
     alt Grant approval required
-        Server->>UA: Ask for execution / grant approval
-        UA-->>Server: Vote result
+        Server->>operator: Ask for execution / grant approval
+        operator-->>Server: Vote result
         opt Create persistent grant
             Server->>Server: Create and store grant
         end

docs/IMPLEMENTATION.md

@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ This document covers concrete technology choices and dependencies. For the archi
 
 ### Authentication Result Semantics
 
-Authentication no longer uses an implicit success-only response shape. Both `client` and `user-agent` return explicit auth status enums over the wire.
+Authentication no longer uses an implicit success-only response shape. Both `client` and `operator` return explicit auth status enums over the wire.
 
-- **Client:** `AuthResult` may return `SUCCESS`, `INVALID_KEY`, `INVALID_SIGNATURE`, `APPROVAL_DENIED`, `NO_USER_AGENTS_ONLINE`, or `INTERNAL`
-- **User-agent:** `AuthResult` may return `SUCCESS`, `INVALID_KEY`, `INVALID_SIGNATURE`, `BOOTSTRAP_REQUIRED`, `TOKEN_INVALID`, or `INTERNAL`
+- **Client:** `AuthResult` may return `SUCCESS`, `INVALID_KEY`, `INVALID_SIGNATURE`, `APPROVAL_DENIED`, `NO_OPERATORS_ONLINE`, or `INTERNAL`
+- **Operator:** `AuthResult` may return `SUCCESS`, `INVALID_KEY`, `INVALID_SIGNATURE`, `BOOTSTRAP_REQUIRED`, `TOKEN_INVALID`, or `INTERNAL`
 
 This makes transport-level failures and actor/domain-level auth failures distinct:
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Clients are expected to handle these status codes directly and present the concr
 
 ### New Client Approval
 
-When a client whose public key is not yet in the database connects, all connected user agents are asked to approve the connection. The first agent to respond determines the outcome; remaining requests are cancelled via a watch channel.
+When a client whose public key is not yet in the database connects, all connected operators are asked to approve the connection. The first operator to respond determines the outcome; remaining requests are cancelled via a watch channel.
 
 ```mermaid
 flowchart TD
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ flowchart TD
 
     C -- yes --> G[Generate AuthChallenge]
 
-    C -- no --> E[Ask all UserAgents:\nClientConnectionRequest]
+    C -- no --> E[Ask all Operators:\nClientConnectionRequest]
     E --> F{First response}
     F -- denied --> Z([Reject connection])
-    F -- approved --> F2[Cancel remaining\nUserAgent requests]
+    F -- approved --> F2[Cancel remaining\nOperator requests]
     F2 --> F3[INSERT client]
     F3 --> G
 
@@ -45,7 +45,13 @@ flowchart TD
     K -- yes --> J([Session started])
 ```
 
-Auth challenges are generated from fresh random bytes plus a timestamp. They are signed as the canonical challenge payload and are not persisted in `program_client`.
+Auth challenges are generated from fresh random bytes plus a nanosecond timestamp. The server keeps the issued challenge only in the in-flight authentication state for that connection, then verifies the signature against the same canonical challenge payload.
+
+The authentication schema stores peer identity, not replay counters:
+
+- `program_client` stores the SDK client's public key, metadata binding, and timestamps.
+- `operator_client` stores the Operator public key and timestamps.
+- Neither table stores an authentication nonce, and challenge generation does not update either table.
 
 ---
 
@@ -56,7 +62,7 @@ Auth challenges are generated from fresh random bytes plus a timestamp. They are
 
 ### User-Agent Authentication
 
-User-agent authentication supports multiple signature schemes because platform-provided "hardware-bound" keys do not expose a uniform algorithm across operating systems and hardware.
+Operator authentication supports multiple signature schemes because platform-provided "hardware-bound" keys do not expose a uniform algorithm across operating systems and hardware.
 
 - **Supported schemes:** ML-DSA
 - **Why:** Secure Enclave (MacOS) support them natively, on other platforms we could emulate while they roll-out
@@ -80,7 +86,7 @@ User-agent authentication supports multiple signature schemes because platform-p
 
 ### Request Multiplexing
 
-Both `client` and `user-agent` connections support multiple in-flight requests over one gRPC bidi stream.
+Both `client` and `operator` connections support multiple in-flight requests over one gRPC bidi stream.
 
 - Every request carries a monotonically increasing request ID
 - Every normal response echoes the request ID it corresponds to
@@ -135,7 +141,7 @@ flowchart TD
     L -- Yes --> M[Check grant limits]
     L -- No --> N[Start execution or grant voting flow]
 
-    N --> O{User-agent decision}
+    N --> O{Operator decision}
     O -- Reject --> Z4[Return no matching grant error]
     O -- Allow once --> M
     O -- Create grant --> P[Create grant with user-selected limits]

docs/superpowers/plans/2026-03-28-grant-creation-refactor.md

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ String shortAddress(List<int> bytes) {
 - [ ] **Step 2: Verify**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && dart analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/utils.dart
+cd operator && dart analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/utils.dart
 ```
 
 Expected: no errors.
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class GrantCreation extends _$GrantCreation {
 - [ ] **Step 2: Run code generator**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && dart run build_runner build --delete-conflicting-outputs
+cd operator && dart run build_runner build --delete-conflicting-outputs
 ```
 
 Expected: generates `provider.freezed.dart` and `provider.g.dart`, no errors.
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ Expected: generates `provider.freezed.dart` and `provider.g.dart`, no errors.
 - [ ] **Step 3: Verify**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && dart analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/provider.dart
+cd operator && dart analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/provider.dart
 ```
 
 Expected: no errors.
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ jj describe -m "feat(grants): add GrantCreation provider (client selection + gra
 
 ```dart
 // lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/fields/client_picker_field.dart
-import 'package:arbiter/proto/user_agent.pb.dart';
+import 'package:arbiter/proto/operator.pb.dart';
 import 'package:arbiter/providers/sdk_clients/list.dart';
 import 'package:arbiter/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/provider.dart';
 import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class ClientPickerField extends ConsumerWidget {
 ```dart
 // lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/fields/wallet_access_picker_field.dart
 import 'package:arbiter/proto/evm.pb.dart';
-import 'package:arbiter/proto/user_agent.pb.dart';
+import 'package:arbiter/proto/operator.pb.dart';
 import 'package:arbiter/providers/evm/evm.dart';
 import 'package:arbiter/providers/sdk_clients/wallet_access_list.dart';
 import 'package:arbiter/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/provider.dart';
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ class TransactionRateLimitField extends StatelessWidget {
 - [ ] **Step 8: Verify all field widgets**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && dart analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/fields/
+cd operator && dart analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/fields/
 ```
 
 Expected: no errors.
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ class SharedGrantFields extends StatelessWidget {
 - [ ] **Step 2: Verify**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && dart analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/shared_grant_fields.dart
+cd operator && dart analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/shared_grant_fields.dart
 ```
 
 Expected: no errors.
@@ -978,7 +978,7 @@ class _TokenVolumeLimitRow extends HookWidget {
 - [ ] **Step 4: Run code generator for token_transfer_grant.g.dart**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && dart run build_runner build --delete-conflicting-outputs
+cd operator && dart run build_runner build --delete-conflicting-outputs
 ```
 
 Expected: generates `token_transfer_grant.g.dart`, no errors.
@@ -986,7 +986,7 @@ Expected: generates `token_transfer_grant.g.dart`, no errors.
 - [ ] **Step 5: Verify**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && dart analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/grants/
+cd operator && dart analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/grants/
 ```
 
 Expected: no errors.
@@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@ String _formatError(Object error) {
 - [ ] **Step 2: Verify the full create/ directory**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && dart analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/
+cd operator && dart analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/create/
 ```
 
 Expected: no errors.

docs/superpowers/plans/2026-03-28-grant-grid-view.md

@@ -14,24 +14,24 @@
 
 | File | Action | Responsibility |
 |---|---|---|
-| `useragent/lib/theme/palette.dart` | Modify | Add `Palette.token` (indigo accent for token-transfer cards) |
-| `useragent/lib/features/connection/evm/wallet_access.dart` | Modify | Add `listAllWalletAccesses()` function |
-| `useragent/lib/providers/sdk_clients/wallet_access_list.dart` | Create | `WalletAccessListProvider` — fetches full wallet access list with IDs |
-| `useragent/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/widgets/grant_card.dart` | Create | `GrantCard` widget — watches enrichment providers + revoke mutation; one card per grant |
-| `useragent/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/grants.dart` | Create | `EvmGrantsScreen` — watches `evmGrantsProvider`; handles loading/error/empty/data states; renders `GrantCard` list |
-| `useragent/lib/router.dart` | Modify | Register `EvmGrantsRoute` in dashboard children |
-| `useragent/lib/screens/dashboard.dart` | Modify | Add Grants entry to `routes` list and `NavigationDestination` list |
+| `operator/lib/theme/palette.dart` | Modify | Add `Palette.token` (indigo accent for token-transfer cards) |
+| `operator/lib/features/connection/evm/wallet_access.dart` | Modify | Add `listAllWalletAccesses()` function |
+| `operator/lib/providers/sdk_clients/wallet_access_list.dart` | Create | `WalletAccessListProvider` — fetches full wallet access list with IDs |
+| `operator/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/widgets/grant_card.dart` | Create | `GrantCard` widget — watches enrichment providers + revoke mutation; one card per grant |
+| `operator/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/grants.dart` | Create | `EvmGrantsScreen` — watches `evmGrantsProvider`; handles loading/error/empty/data states; renders `GrantCard` list |
+| `operator/lib/router.dart` | Modify | Register `EvmGrantsRoute` in dashboard children |
+| `operator/lib/screens/dashboard.dart` | Modify | Add Grants entry to `routes` list and `NavigationDestination` list |
 
 ---
 
 ## Task 1: Add `Palette.token`
 
 **Files:**
-- Modify: `useragent/lib/theme/palette.dart`
+- Modify: `operator/lib/theme/palette.dart`
 
 - [ ] **Step 1: Add the color**
 
-Replace the contents of `useragent/lib/theme/palette.dart` with:
+Replace the contents of `operator/lib/theme/palette.dart` with:
 
 ```dart
 import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class Palette {
 - [ ] **Step 2: Verify**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && flutter analyze lib/theme/palette.dart
+cd operator && flutter analyze lib/theme/palette.dart
 ```
 
 Expected: no issues.
@@ -65,20 +65,20 @@ jj new
 ## Task 2: Add `listAllWalletAccesses` feature function
 
 **Files:**
-- Modify: `useragent/lib/features/connection/evm/wallet_access.dart`
+- Modify: `operator/lib/features/connection/evm/wallet_access.dart`
 
 `readClientWalletAccess` (existing) filters the list to one client's wallet IDs and returns `Set<int>`. This new function returns the complete unfiltered list with row IDs so the grant cards can resolve wallet_access_id → wallet + client.
 
 - [ ] **Step 1: Append function**
 
-Add at the bottom of `useragent/lib/features/connection/evm/wallet_access.dart`:
+Add at the bottom of `operator/lib/features/connection/evm/wallet_access.dart`:
 
 ```dart
 Future<List<SdkClientWalletAccess>> listAllWalletAccesses(
   Connection connection,
 ) async {
   final response = await connection.ask(
-    UserAgentRequest(listWalletAccess: Empty()),
+    OperatorRequest(listWalletAccess: Empty()),
   );
   if (!response.hasListWalletAccessResponse()) {
     throw Exception(
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Each returned `SdkClientWalletAccess` has:
 - [ ] **Step 2: Verify**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && flutter analyze lib/features/connection/evm/wallet_access.dart
+cd operator && flutter analyze lib/features/connection/evm/wallet_access.dart
 ```
 
 Expected: no issues.
@@ -114,18 +114,18 @@ jj new
 ## Task 3: Create `WalletAccessListProvider`
 
 **Files:**
-- Create: `useragent/lib/providers/sdk_clients/wallet_access_list.dart`
-- Generated: `useragent/lib/providers/sdk_clients/wallet_access_list.g.dart`
+- Create: `operator/lib/providers/sdk_clients/wallet_access_list.dart`
+- Generated: `operator/lib/providers/sdk_clients/wallet_access_list.g.dart`
 
 Mirrors the structure of `EvmGrants` in `providers/evm/evm_grants.dart` — class-based `@riverpod` with a `refresh()` method.
 
 - [ ] **Step 1: Write the provider**
 
-Create `useragent/lib/providers/sdk_clients/wallet_access_list.dart`:
+Create `operator/lib/providers/sdk_clients/wallet_access_list.dart`:
 
 ```dart
 import 'package:arbiter/features/connection/evm/wallet_access.dart';
-import 'package:arbiter/proto/user_agent.pb.dart';
+import 'package:arbiter/proto/operator.pb.dart';
 import 'package:arbiter/providers/connection/connection_manager.dart';
 import 'package:mtcore/markettakers.dart';
 import 'package:riverpod_annotation/riverpod_annotation.dart';
@@ -165,15 +165,15 @@ class WalletAccessList extends _$WalletAccessList {
 - [ ] **Step 2: Run code generation**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && dart run build_runner build --delete-conflicting-outputs
+cd operator && dart run build_runner build --delete-conflicting-outputs
 ```
 
-Expected: `useragent/lib/providers/sdk_clients/wallet_access_list.g.dart` created. No errors.
+Expected: `operator/lib/providers/sdk_clients/wallet_access_list.g.dart` created. No errors.
 
 - [ ] **Step 3: Verify**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && flutter analyze lib/providers/sdk_clients/
+cd operator && flutter analyze lib/providers/sdk_clients/
 ```
 
 Expected: no issues.
@@ -190,26 +190,26 @@ jj new
 ## Task 4: Create `GrantCard` widget
 
 **Files:**
-- Create: `useragent/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/widgets/grant_card.dart`
+- Create: `operator/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/widgets/grant_card.dart`
 
 This widget owns all per-card logic: enrichment lookups, revoke action, and rebuild scope. The screen only passes it a `GrantEntry` — the card fetches everything else itself.
 
 **Key types:**
 - `GrantEntry` (from `proto/evm.pb.dart`): `.id`, `.shared.walletAccessId`, `.shared.chainId`, `.specific.whichGrant()`
 - `SpecificGrant_Grant.etherTransfer` / `.tokenTransfer` — enum values for the oneof
-- `SdkClientWalletAccess` (from `proto/user_agent.pb.dart`): `.id`, `.access.walletId`, `.access.sdkClientId`
+- `SdkClientWalletAccess` (from `proto/operator.pb.dart`): `.id`, `.access.walletId`, `.access.sdkClientId`
 - `WalletEntry` (from `proto/evm.pb.dart`): `.id`, `.address` (List<int>)
-- `SdkClientEntry` (from `proto/user_agent.pb.dart`): `.id`, `.info.name`
+- `SdkClientEntry` (from `proto/operator.pb.dart`): `.id`, `.info.name`
 - `revokeEvmGrantMutation` — `Mutation<void>` (global; all revoke buttons disable together while any revoke is in flight)
 - `executeRevokeEvmGrant(ref, grantId: int)` — `Future<void>`
 
 - [ ] **Step 1: Write the widget**
 
-Create `useragent/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/widgets/grant_card.dart`:
+Create `operator/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/widgets/grant_card.dart`:
 
 ```dart
 import 'package:arbiter/proto/evm.pb.dart';
-import 'package:arbiter/proto/user_agent.pb.dart';
+import 'package:arbiter/proto/operator.pb.dart';
 import 'package:arbiter/providers/evm/evm.dart';
 import 'package:arbiter/providers/evm/evm_grants.dart';
 import 'package:arbiter/providers/sdk_clients/list.dart';
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ class GrantCard extends ConsumerWidget {
 - [ ] **Step 2: Verify**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && flutter analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/widgets/grant_card.dart
+cd operator && flutter analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/widgets/grant_card.dart
 ```
 
 Expected: no issues.
@@ -455,13 +455,13 @@ jj new
 ## Task 5: Create `EvmGrantsScreen`
 
 **Files:**
-- Create: `useragent/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/grants.dart`
+- Create: `operator/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/grants.dart`
 
 The screen watches only `evmGrantsProvider` for top-level state (loading / error / no connection / empty / data). When there is data it renders a list of `GrantCard` widgets — each card manages its own enrichment subscriptions.
 
 - [ ] **Step 1: Write the screen**
 
-Create `useragent/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/grants.dart`:
+Create `operator/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/grants.dart`:
 
 ```dart
 import 'package:arbiter/proto/evm.pb.dart';
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ class EvmGrantsScreen extends ConsumerWidget {
 - [ ] **Step 2: Verify**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && flutter analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/
+cd operator && flutter analyze lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/
 ```
 
 Expected: no issues.
@@ -719,13 +719,13 @@ jj new
 ## Task 6: Wire router and dashboard tab
 
 **Files:**
-- Modify: `useragent/lib/router.dart`
-- Modify: `useragent/lib/screens/dashboard.dart`
-- Regenerated: `useragent/lib/router.gr.dart`
+- Modify: `operator/lib/router.dart`
+- Modify: `operator/lib/screens/dashboard.dart`
+- Regenerated: `operator/lib/router.gr.dart`
 
 - [ ] **Step 1: Add route to `router.dart`**
 
-Replace the contents of `useragent/lib/router.dart` with:
+Replace the contents of `operator/lib/router.dart` with:
 
 ```dart
 import 'package:auto_route/auto_route.dart';
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ class Router extends RootStackRouter {
 
 - [ ] **Step 2: Update `dashboard.dart`**
 
-In `useragent/lib/screens/dashboard.dart`, replace the `routes` constant:
+In `operator/lib/screens/dashboard.dart`, replace the `routes` constant:
 
 ```dart
 final routes = [
@@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ destinations: const [
 - [ ] **Step 3: Regenerate router**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && dart run build_runner build --delete-conflicting-outputs
+cd operator && dart run build_runner build --delete-conflicting-outputs
 ```
 
 Expected: `lib/router.gr.dart` updated, `EvmGrantsRoute` now available, no errors.
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ Expected: `lib/router.gr.dart` updated, `EvmGrantsRoute` now available, no error
 - [ ] **Step 4: Full project verify**
 
 ```sh
-cd useragent && flutter analyze
+cd operator && flutter analyze
 ```
 
 Expected: no issues.

docs/superpowers/specs/2026-03-28-grant-grid-view-design.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 ## Overview
 
-Add a "Grants" dashboard tab to the Flutter user-agent app that displays all EVM grants as a card-based grid. Each card shows a compact summary (type, chain, wallet address, client name) with a revoke action. The tab integrates into the existing `AdaptiveScaffold` navigation alongside Wallets, Clients, and About.
+Add a "Grants" dashboard tab to the Flutter operator app that displays all EVM grants as a card-based grid. Each card shows a compact summary (type, chain, wallet address, client name) with a revoke action. The tab integrates into the existing `AdaptiveScaffold` navigation alongside Wallets, Clients, and About.
 
 ## Scope
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Add a "Grants" dashboard tab to the Flutter user-agent app that displays all EVM
 
 ### `walletAccessListProvider`
 
-**File:** `useragent/lib/providers/sdk_clients/wallet_access_list.dart`
+**File:** `operator/lib/providers/sdk_clients/wallet_access_list.dart`
 
 - `@riverpod` class, watches `connectionManagerProvider.future`
 - Returns `List<SdkClientWalletAccess>?` (null when not connected)
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ NavigationDestination(
 
 ## Screen: `EvmGrantsScreen`
 
-**File:** `useragent/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/grants.dart`
+**File:** `operator/lib/screens/dashboard/evm/grants/grants.dart`
 
 ```
 Scaffold

mise.lock

@@ -1,51 +1,51 @@
 # @generated - this file is auto-generated by `mise lock` https://mise.jdx.dev/dev-tools/mise-lock.html
 
 [[tools.ast-grep]]
-version = "0.42.0"
+version = "0.42.1"
 backend = "aqua:ast-grep/ast-grep"
 
 [tools.ast-grep."platforms.linux-arm64"]
-checksum = "sha256:5c830eae8456569e2f7212434ed9c238f58dca412d76045418ed6d394a755836"
-url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.0/app-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu.zip"
+checksum = "sha256:3ba383839044cf9817929435f5ce0027f91d06931e8efb32d942e58d73d92be5"
+url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.1/app-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu.zip"
 
 [tools.ast-grep."platforms.linux-arm64-musl"]
-checksum = "sha256:5c830eae8456569e2f7212434ed9c238f58dca412d76045418ed6d394a755836"
-url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.0/app-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu.zip"
+checksum = "sha256:3ba383839044cf9817929435f5ce0027f91d06931e8efb32d942e58d73d92be5"
+url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.1/app-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu.zip"
 
 [tools.ast-grep."platforms.linux-x64"]
-checksum = "sha256:e825a05603f0bcc4cd9076c4cc8c9abd6d008b7cd07d9aa3cc323ba4b8606651"
-url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.0/app-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.zip"
+checksum = "sha256:5de8b87cba67fc8dc3e239d54b6484802ad745a7ae3de76be4fe89661dc52657"
+url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.1/app-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.zip"
 
 [tools.ast-grep."platforms.linux-x64-musl"]
-checksum = "sha256:e825a05603f0bcc4cd9076c4cc8c9abd6d008b7cd07d9aa3cc323ba4b8606651"
-url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.0/app-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.zip"
+checksum = "sha256:5de8b87cba67fc8dc3e239d54b6484802ad745a7ae3de76be4fe89661dc52657"
+url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.1/app-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.zip"
 
 [tools.ast-grep."platforms.macos-arm64"]
-checksum = "sha256:fc300d5293b1c770a5aece03a8a193b92e71e87cec726c28096990691a582620"
-url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.0/app-aarch64-apple-darwin.zip"
+checksum = "sha256:c3961d8e8a4ee0ce2d0d98c7beeb168bb331cdc766b53630118a7b6c4fd39015"
+url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.1/app-aarch64-apple-darwin.zip"
 
 [tools.ast-grep."platforms.macos-x64"]
-checksum = "sha256:979ffe611327056f4730a1ae71b0209b3b830f58b22c6ed194cda34f55400db2"
-url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.0/app-x86_64-apple-darwin.zip"
+checksum = "sha256:a038965bfd7fe44257c771cdf8918dc3467dd8ec0eef673b8b14f639b144cdbd"
+url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.1/app-x86_64-apple-darwin.zip"
 
 [tools.ast-grep."platforms.windows-x64"]
-checksum = "sha256:55836fa1b2c65dc7d61615a4d9368622a0d2371a76d28b9a165e5a3ab6ae32a4"
-url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.0/app-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc.zip"
+checksum = "sha256:fe34f631bb24c08ad146f92ca2a92971a53d179461b509fd8d32dc863bff9f83"
+url = "https://github.com/ast-grep/ast-grep/releases/download/0.42.1/app-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc.zip"
 
 [[tools."cargo:cargo-audit"]]
 version = "0.22.1"
 backend = "cargo:cargo-audit"
 
 [[tools."cargo:cargo-edit"]]
-version = "0.13.9"
+version = "0.13.10"
 backend = "cargo:cargo-edit"
 
 [[tools."cargo:cargo-features-manager"]]
-version = "0.11.1"
+version = "0.12.0"
 backend = "cargo:cargo-features-manager"
 
 [[tools."cargo:cargo-insta"]]
-version = "1.46.3"
+version = "1.47.2"
 backend = "cargo:cargo-insta"
 
 [[tools."cargo:cargo-mutants"]]
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ version = "27.0.0"
 backend = "cargo:cargo-mutants"
 
 [[tools."cargo:cargo-nextest"]]
-version = "0.9.126"
+version = "0.9.133"
 backend = "cargo:cargo-nextest"
 
 [[tools."cargo:cargo-shear"]]
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ version = "0.10.2"
 backend = "cargo:cargo-vet"
 
 [[tools."cargo:diesel_cli"]]
-version = "2.3.6"
+version = "2.3.7"
 backend = "cargo:diesel_cli"
 
 [tools."cargo:diesel_cli".options]
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ version = "2.12.0"
 backend = "cargo:flutter_rust_bridge_codegen"
 
 [[tools.flutter]]
-version = "3.38.9-stable"
+version = "3.41.7-stable"
 backend = "asdf:flutter"
 
 [[tools.protoc]]
@@ -113,44 +113,44 @@ checksum = "sha256:1ebd7c87baffb9f1c47169b640872bf5fb1e4408079c691af527be9561d8f
 url = "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v29.6/protoc-29.6-win64.zip"
 
 [[tools.python]]
-version = "3.14.3"
+version = "3.14.4"
 backend = "core:python"
 
 [tools.python."platforms.linux-arm64"]
-checksum = "sha256:53700338695e402a1a1fe22be4a41fbdacc70e22bb308a48eca8ed67cb7992be"
-url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260324/cpython-3.14.3+20260324-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
+checksum = "sha256:b8b597fdb2f8dccdc502c11947b60a4b65eb6bce79cfa60c7ccf9b6e8352c60a"
+url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260414/cpython-3.14.4+20260414-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
 provenance = "github-attestations"
 
 [tools.python."platforms.linux-arm64-musl"]
-checksum = "sha256:53700338695e402a1a1fe22be4a41fbdacc70e22bb308a48eca8ed67cb7992be"
-url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260324/cpython-3.14.3+20260324-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
+checksum = "sha256:b8b597fdb2f8dccdc502c11947b60a4b65eb6bce79cfa60c7ccf9b6e8352c60a"
+url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260414/cpython-3.14.4+20260414-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
 provenance = "github-attestations"
 
 [tools.python."platforms.linux-x64"]
-checksum = "sha256:d7a9f970914bb4c88756fe3bdcc186d4feb90e9500e54f1db47dae4dc9687e39"
-url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260324/cpython-3.14.3+20260324-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
+checksum = "sha256:fe9a9c32d13870af632cbac3dfc7528ae53597e94472aa4c7d6a42e8166136cd"
+url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260414/cpython-3.14.4+20260414-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
 provenance = "github-attestations"
 
 [tools.python."platforms.linux-x64-musl"]
-checksum = "sha256:d7a9f970914bb4c88756fe3bdcc186d4feb90e9500e54f1db47dae4dc9687e39"
-url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260324/cpython-3.14.3+20260324-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
+checksum = "sha256:fe9a9c32d13870af632cbac3dfc7528ae53597e94472aa4c7d6a42e8166136cd"
+url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260414/cpython-3.14.4+20260414-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
 provenance = "github-attestations"
 
 [tools.python."platforms.macos-arm64"]
-checksum = "sha256:c43aecde4a663aebff99b9b83da0efec506479f1c3f98331442f33d2c43501f9"
-url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260324/cpython-3.14.3+20260324-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
+checksum = "blake3:0314ec66e0f33ec04959583b5900bc8edae371a396aa96b8874e750d1fe936e6"
+url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260414/cpython-3.14.4+20260414-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
 provenance = "github-attestations"
 
 [tools.python."platforms.macos-x64"]
-checksum = "sha256:9ab41dbc2f100a2a45d1833b9c11165f51051c558b5213eda9a9731d5948a0c0"
-url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260324/cpython-3.14.3+20260324-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
+checksum = "sha256:d51250a32fa5d9f0799c7bcb71720c27b10a3afd4a7de288120f96085d508a5a"
+url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260414/cpython-3.14.4+20260414-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
 provenance = "github-attestations"
 
 [tools.python."platforms.windows-x64"]
-checksum = "sha256:bbe19034b35b0267176a7442575ae7dc6343480fd4d35598cb7700173d431e09"
-url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260324/cpython-3.14.3+20260324-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
+checksum = "sha256:a976991dcd085c1bb5d9a8084823a6bc8b7f9b079d8c432574a6ddd68c3a6fe1"
+url = "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260414/cpython-3.14.4+20260414-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only_stripped.tar.gz"
 provenance = "github-attestations"
 
 [[tools.rust]]
-version = "1.93.0"
+version = "1.95.0"
 backend = "core:rust"

mise.toml

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 [tools]
-"cargo:diesel_cli" = { version = "2.3.6", features = "sqlite,sqlite-bundled", default-features = false }
+"cargo:diesel_cli" = { version = "2.3.7", features = "sqlite,sqlite-bundled", default-features = "false" }
 "cargo:cargo-audit" = "0.22.1"
 "cargo:cargo-vet" = "0.10.2"
-flutter = "3.38.9-stable"
+flutter = "3.41.7-stable"
 protoc = "29.6"
-"rust" = {version = "1.93.0", components = "clippy,rust-analyzer"}
-"cargo:cargo-features-manager" = "0.11.1"
-"cargo:cargo-nextest" = "0.9.126"
+rust = { version = "1.95.0", components = "clippy,rust-analyzer" }
+"cargo:cargo-features-manager" = "0.12.0"
+"cargo:cargo-nextest" = "0.9.133"
 "cargo:cargo-shear" = "latest"
-"cargo:cargo-insta" = "1.46.3"
-python = "3.14.3"
-ast-grep = "0.42.0"
-"cargo:cargo-edit" = "0.13.9"
+"cargo:cargo-insta" = "1.47.2"
+python = "3.14.4"
+ast-grep = "0.42.1"
+"cargo:cargo-edit" = "0.13.10"
 "cargo:cargo-mutants" = "27.0.0"
 "cargo:flutter_rust_bridge_codegen" = "2.12.0"
 
@@ -22,3 +22,5 @@ run = '''
 dart pub global activate protoc_plugin && \
 protoc --dart_out=grpc:useragent/lib/proto --proto_path=protobufs/ $(find protobufs -name '*.proto' | sort)
 '''
+
+[tasks.generate_schema]

protobufs/arbiter.proto

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ syntax = "proto3";
 package arbiter;
 
 import "client.proto";
-import "user_agent.proto";
+import "operator.proto";
 
 message ServerInfo {
   string version = 1;
@@ -12,5 +12,5 @@ message ServerInfo {
 
 service ArbiterService {
   rpc Client(stream arbiter.client.ClientRequest) returns (stream arbiter.client.ClientResponse);
-  rpc UserAgent(stream arbiter.user_agent.UserAgentRequest) returns (stream arbiter.user_agent.UserAgentResponse);
+  rpc Operator(stream arbiter.operator.OperatorRequest) returns (stream arbiter.operator.OperatorResponse);
 }

protobufs/client/auth.proto

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ enum AuthResult {
   AUTH_RESULT_INVALID_KEY = 2;
   AUTH_RESULT_INVALID_SIGNATURE = 3;
   AUTH_RESULT_APPROVAL_DENIED = 4;
-  AUTH_RESULT_NO_USER_AGENTS_ONLINE = 5;
+  AUTH_RESULT_NO_OPERATORS_ONLINE = 5;
   AUTH_RESULT_INTERNAL = 6;
 }
 

protobufs/evm.proto

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ message SpecificGrant {
   }
 }
 
-// --- UserAgent grant management ---
+// --- Operator grant management ---
 message EvmGrantCreateRequest {
   SharedSettings shared = 1;
   SpecificGrant specific = 2;

protobufs/operator.proto

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package arbiter.operator;
+
+import "operator/auth.proto";
+import "operator/evm.proto";
+import "operator/governance.proto";
+import "operator/sdk_client.proto";
+import "operator/vault/vault.proto";
+
+message OperatorRequest {
+  int32 id = 16;
+  oneof payload {
+    auth.Request            auth        = 1;
+    vault.Request           vault       = 2;
+    evm.Request             evm         = 3;
+    sdk_client.Request      sdk_client  = 4;
+    governance.Request      governance  = 5;
+  }
+}
+
+message OperatorResponse {
+  optional int32 id = 16;
+  oneof payload {
+    auth.Response           auth        = 1;
+    vault.Response          vault       = 2;
+    evm.Response            evm         = 3;
+    sdk_client.Response     sdk_client  = 4;
+    governance.Response     governance  = 5;
+  }
+}

protobufs/operator/auth.proto

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 syntax = "proto3";
 
-package arbiter.user_agent.auth;
+package arbiter.operator.auth;
 
 message AuthChallengeRequest {
   bytes pubkey = 1;

protobufs/operator/evm.proto

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 syntax = "proto3";
 
-package arbiter.user_agent.evm;
+package arbiter.operator.evm;
 
 import "evm.proto";
 import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";

protobufs/operator/governance.proto

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package arbiter.operator.governance;
+
+message Request {
+  oneof payload {
+    CreateProposalRequest create = 1;
+    CastVoteRequest       vote   = 2;
+    QueryPendingRequest   query  = 3;
+  }
+}
+
+message CreateProposalRequest {
+  oneof kind {
+    ApproveSdkClientPayload         approve_sdk_client          = 1;
+    GrantWalletAccessPayload        grant_wallet_access         = 3;
+    ApproveServerUpdatePayload      approve_server_update       = 4;
+    ReplaceOperatorPayload          replace_operator            = 5;
+    UpdateShamirParametersPayload   update_shamir_parameters    = 6;
+    ApprovePersistentGrantPayload   approve_persistent_grant    = 7;
+    ApproveOneOffTransactionPayload approve_one_off_transaction = 8;
+  }
+  optional uint32 ttl_secs = 2;
+}
+
+message ReplaceOperatorPayload {
+  int32 old_operator_id = 1;
+  bytes new_pubkey      = 2;
+}
+
+message UpdateShamirParametersPayload {
+  uint32 new_n = 1;
+}
+
+message ApproveServerUpdatePayload {}
+
+message ApproveSdkClientPayload {
+  int32 client_id = 1;
+}
+
+message GrantWalletAccessPayload {
+  int32 wallet_id = 1;
+  int32 client_id = 2;
+}
+
+message CastVoteRequest {
+  int32 proposal_id = 1;
+  bool  approve     = 2;
+  bytes signature   = 3;
+}
+
+message QueryPendingRequest {}
+
+message Response {
+  oneof payload {
+    CreateProposalResponse created = 1;
+    VoteResponse           voted   = 2;
+    QueryPendingResponse   pending = 3;
+  }
+}
+
+message CreateProposalResponse {
+  int32 proposal_id = 1;
+}
+
+message VoteResponse {
+  VoteOutcome outcome = 1;
+}
+
+enum VoteOutcome {
+  VOTE_OUTCOME_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
+  VOTE_OUTCOME_PENDING     = 1;
+  VOTE_OUTCOME_APPROVED    = 2;
+  VOTE_OUTCOME_REJECTED    = 3;
+}
+
+message ProposalSummary {
+  int32  id            = 1;
+  string kind          = 2;
+  int32  initiator_id  = 3;
+  int64  expires_at    = 4;
+  int64  approve_count = 5;
+  int64  reject_count  = 6;
+}
+
+message QueryPendingResponse {
+  repeated ProposalSummary proposals = 1;
+}
+
+message TransactionRateLimitProto {
+  uint32 count       = 1;
+  int64  window_secs = 2;
+}
+
+message VolumeLimitProto {
+  bytes max_volume  = 1;
+  int64 window_secs = 2;
+}
+
+message EtherTransferSpecProto {
+  repeated bytes   targets = 1;
+  VolumeLimitProto limit   = 2;
+}
+
+message TokenTransferSpecProto {
+  bytes                     token_contract = 1;
+  optional bytes            target         = 2;
+  repeated VolumeLimitProto volume_limits  = 3;
+}
+
+message ApproveOneOffTransactionPayload {
+  int32  client_id                = 1;
+  bytes  wallet_address           = 2;
+  uint64 chain_id                 = 3;
+  uint64 nonce                    = 4;
+  uint64 gas_limit                = 5;
+  bytes  max_fee_per_gas          = 6;
+  bytes  max_priority_fee_per_gas = 7;
+  bytes  to                       = 8;
+  bytes  value                    = 9;
+  bytes  input                    = 10;
+}
+
+message ApprovePersistentGrantPayload {
+  int32                              wallet_access_id         = 1;
+  uint64                             chain_id                 = 2;
+  optional int64                     valid_from_secs          = 3;
+  optional int64                     valid_until_secs         = 4;
+  optional bytes                     max_gas_fee_per_gas      = 5;
+  optional bytes                     max_priority_fee_per_gas = 6;
+  optional TransactionRateLimitProto rate_limit               = 7;
+  oneof specific {
+    EtherTransferSpecProto ether_transfer = 8;
+    TokenTransferSpecProto token_transfer = 9;
+  }
+}

protobufs/operator/sdk_client.proto

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 syntax = "proto3";
 
-package arbiter.user_agent.sdk_client;
+package arbiter.operator.sdk_client;
 
 import "shared/client.proto";
 import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";

protobufs/operator/vault/bootstrap.proto

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package arbiter.operator.vault.bootstrap;
+
+message BootstrapEncryptedKey {
+  bytes nonce = 1;
+  bytes ciphertext = 2;
+  bytes associated_data = 3;
+}
+
+message DeclareCommittee {
+  uint32 count          = 1;
+  uint32 recovery_count = 2;
+}
+
+message ContributePassphrase {
+  bytes passphrase = 1;
+}
+
+message ContributeRecoveryPassphrase {
+  int32 recovery_operator_id = 1;
+  bytes passphrase            = 2;
+}
+
+enum BootstrapResult {
+  BOOTSTRAP_RESULT_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
+  BOOTSTRAP_RESULT_SUCCESS = 1;
+  BOOTSTRAP_RESULT_ALREADY_BOOTSTRAPPED = 2;
+  BOOTSTRAP_RESULT_INVALID_KEY = 3;
+  BOOTSTRAP_RESULT_AWAITING_CONTRIBUTIONS = 4;
+}
+
+message Request {
+  oneof payload {
+    BootstrapEncryptedKey        encrypted_key                    = 2;
+    DeclareCommittee             declare_committee                = 3;
+    ContributePassphrase         contribute_passphrase            = 4;
+    ContributeRecoveryPassphrase contribute_recovery_passphrase   = 5;
+  }
+}
+
+message Response {
+  BootstrapResult result = 1;
+}

protobufs/operator/vault/rekey.proto

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package arbiter.operator.vault.rekey;
+
+message ContributePassphrase {
+  bytes passphrase = 1;
+}
+
+message ContributeRecoveryPassphrase {
+  int32 recovery_operator_id = 1;
+  bytes passphrase           = 2;
+}
+
+enum RekeyResult {
+  REKEY_RESULT_UNSPECIFIED            = 0;
+  REKEY_RESULT_SUCCESS                = 1;
+  REKEY_RESULT_AWAITING_CONTRIBUTIONS = 2;
+  REKEY_RESULT_NOT_IN_PROGRESS        = 3;
+}
+
+message Request {
+  oneof payload {
+    ContributePassphrase         contribute_passphrase          = 1;
+    ContributeRecoveryPassphrase contribute_recovery_passphrase = 2;
+  }
+}
+
+message Response {
+  RekeyResult result = 1;
+}

protobufs/operator/vault/unseal.proto

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 syntax = "proto3";
 
-package arbiter.user_agent.vault.unseal;
+package arbiter.operator.vault.unseal;
 
 message UnsealStart {
   bytes client_pubkey = 1;
@@ -15,17 +15,29 @@ message UnsealEncryptedKey {
   bytes associated_data = 3;
 }
 
+message ContributePassphrase {
+  bytes passphrase = 1;
+}
+
+message ContributeRecoveryPassphrase {
+  int32 recovery_operator_id = 1;
+  bytes passphrase            = 2;
+}
+
 enum UnsealResult {
   UNSEAL_RESULT_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
   UNSEAL_RESULT_SUCCESS = 1;
   UNSEAL_RESULT_INVALID_KEY = 2;
   UNSEAL_RESULT_UNBOOTSTRAPPED = 3;
+  UNSEAL_RESULT_AWAITING_CONTRIBUTIONS = 4;
 }
 
 message Request {
   oneof payload {
-    UnsealStart start = 1;
-    UnsealEncryptedKey encrypted_key = 2;
+    UnsealStart                  start                          = 1;
+    UnsealEncryptedKey           encrypted_key                  = 2;
+    ContributePassphrase         contribute_passphrase          = 3;
+    ContributeRecoveryPassphrase contribute_recovery_passphrase = 4;
   }
 }
 

protobufs/operator/vault/vault.proto

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package arbiter.operator.vault;
+
+import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
+import "shared/vault.proto";
+import "operator/vault/bootstrap.proto";
+import "operator/vault/rekey.proto";
+import "operator/vault/unseal.proto";
+
+message Request {
+  oneof payload {
+    google.protobuf.Empty query_state = 1;
+    unseal.Request        unseal      = 2;
+    bootstrap.Request     bootstrap   = 3;
+    rekey.Request         rekey       = 4;
+  }
+}
+
+message Response {
+  oneof payload {
+    arbiter.shared.VaultState state     = 1;
+    unseal.Response           unseal    = 2;
+    bootstrap.Response        bootstrap = 3;
+    rekey.Response            rekey     = 4;
+  }
+}

protobufs/shared/vault.proto

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ package arbiter.shared;
 enum VaultState {
   VAULT_STATE_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
   VAULT_STATE_UNBOOTSTRAPPED = 1;
-  VAULT_STATE_SEALED = 2;
-  VAULT_STATE_UNSEALED = 3;
-  VAULT_STATE_ERROR = 4;
+  VAULT_STATE_BOOSTRAPPING = 2;
+  VAULT_STATE_SEALED = 3;
+  VAULT_STATE_UNSEALED = 4;
+  VAULT_STATE_ERROR = 5;
 }

protobufs/user_agent.proto

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-syntax = "proto3";
-
-package arbiter.user_agent;
-
-import "user_agent/auth.proto";
-import "user_agent/evm.proto";
-import "user_agent/sdk_client.proto";
-import "user_agent/vault/vault.proto";
-
-message UserAgentRequest {
-  int32 id = 16;
-  oneof payload {
-    auth.Request auth = 1;
-    vault.Request vault = 2;
-    evm.Request evm = 3;
-    sdk_client.Request sdk_client = 4;
-  }
-}
-
-message UserAgentResponse {
-  optional int32 id = 16;
-  oneof payload {
-    auth.Response auth = 1;
-    vault.Response vault = 2;
-    evm.Response evm = 3;
-    sdk_client.Response sdk_client = 4;
-  }
-}

protobufs/user_agent/vault/bootstrap.proto

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-syntax = "proto3";
-
-package arbiter.user_agent.vault.bootstrap;
-
-message BootstrapEncryptedKey {
-  bytes nonce = 1;
-  bytes ciphertext = 2;
-  bytes associated_data = 3;
-}
-
-enum BootstrapResult {
-  BOOTSTRAP_RESULT_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
-  BOOTSTRAP_RESULT_SUCCESS = 1;
-  BOOTSTRAP_RESULT_ALREADY_BOOTSTRAPPED = 2;
-  BOOTSTRAP_RESULT_INVALID_KEY = 3;
-}
-
-message Request {
-  BootstrapEncryptedKey encrypted_key = 2;
-}
-
-message Response {
-  BootstrapResult result = 1;
-}

protobufs/user_agent/vault/vault.proto

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-syntax = "proto3";
-
-package arbiter.user_agent.vault;
-
-import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
-import "shared/vault.proto";
-import "user_agent/vault/bootstrap.proto";
-import "user_agent/vault/unseal.proto";
-
-message Request {
-  oneof payload {
-    google.protobuf.Empty query_state = 1;
-    unseal.Request unseal = 2;
-    bootstrap.Request bootstrap = 3;
-  }
-}
-
-message Response {
-  oneof payload {
-    arbiter.shared.VaultState state = 1;
-    unseal.Response unseal = 2;
-    bootstrap.Response bootstrap = 3;
-  }
-}

server/.cargo/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[env]
+MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET = "26.3"

server/Cargo.toml

@@ -6,30 +6,27 @@ resolver = "3"
 
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
-alloy = "2.0.0"
+alloy = "2.0.4"
 async-trait = "0.1.89"
 base64 = "0.22.1"
 chrono = { version = "0.4.44", features = ["serde"] }
-ed25519-dalek = { version = "3.0.0-pre.6", features = ["rand_core"] }
 futures = "0.3.32"
 k256 = { version = "0.13.4", features = ["ecdsa", "pkcs8"] }
-kameo = {git = "https://github.com/hdbg/kameo.git", rev = "805b417"}
-kameo_actors = {git = "https://github.com/hdbg/kameo.git", rev = "805b417"}
+kameo = {git = "https://github.com/hdbg/kameo.git", rev = "3e18ba2"}
+kameo_actors = {git = "https://github.com/hdbg/kameo.git", rev = "3e18ba2"}
 hmac = "0.13.0"
 miette = { version = "7.6.0", features = ["fancy", "serde"] }
-ml-dsa = { version = "0.1.0-rc.8", features = ["zeroize"] }
+ml-dsa = { version = "0.1.0-rc.9", features = ["zeroize"] }
 mutants = "0.0.4"
 prost = "0.14.3"
 prost-types = { version = "0.14.3", features = ["chrono"] }
 rand = "0.10.1"
 rcgen = { version = "0.14.7", features = [ "aws_lc_rs",  "pem", "x509-parser", "zeroize" ], default-features = false }
-rsa = { version = "0.9", features = ["sha2"] }
 rstest = "0.26.1"
-rustls = { version = "0.23.38", features = ["aws-lc-rs", "logging", "prefer-post-quantum", "std"], default-features = false }
-rustls-pki-types = "1.14.0"
+rustls = { version = "0.23.40", features = ["aws-lc-rs", "logging", "prefer-post-quantum", "std"], default-features = false }
+rustls-pki-types = "1.14.1"
 sha2 = "0.11"
 smlang = "0.8.0"
-spki = "0.8"
 thiserror = "2.0.18"
 tokio = { version = "1.52.1", features = ["full"] }
 tokio-stream = { version = "0.1.18", features = ["full"] }
@@ -109,7 +106,6 @@ indexing_slicing = "warn"
 infinite_loop = "warn"
 inline_asm_x86_att_syntax = "warn"
 inline_asm_x86_intel_syntax = "warn"
-integer_division = "warn"
 large_include_file = "warn"
 lossy_float_literal = "warn"
 map_with_unused_argument_over_ranges = "warn"

server/clippy.toml

@@ -26,3 +26,5 @@ trait-assoc-item-kinds-order = [
     "type",
     "fn",
 ] # community tested standard
+
+too-many-lines-threshold = 150

server/crates/arbiter-client/Cargo.toml

@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ tokio.workspace = true
 tokio-stream.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 http = "1.4.0"
-rustls-webpki = { version = "0.103.12", features = ["aws-lc-rs"] }
+rustls-webpki = { version = "0.103.13", features = ["aws-lc-rs"] }
 async-trait.workspace = true
-rand.workspace = true
 chrono.workspace = true
+
+[lib]
+doctest = false

server/crates/arbiter-client/src/auth.rs

@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ use chrono::DateTime;
 pub enum AuthError {
     #[error("Server sent invalid auth challenge")]
     InvalidChallenge,
-    #[error("Client approval denied by User Agent")]
+    #[error("Client approval denied by Operator")]
     ApprovalDenied,
     #[error("Auth challenge was not returned by server")]
     MissingAuthChallenge,
 
-    #[error("No User Agents online to approve client")]
-    NoUserAgentsOnline,
+    #[error("No Operators online to approve client")]
+    NoOperatorsOnline,
 
     #[error("Signing key storage error")]
     Storage(#[from] StorageError),
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub enum AuthError {
 fn map_auth_result(code: i32) -> AuthError {
     match AuthResult::try_from(code).unwrap_or(AuthResult::Unspecified) {
         AuthResult::ApprovalDenied => AuthError::ApprovalDenied,
-        AuthResult::NoUserAgentsOnline => AuthError::NoUserAgentsOnline,
+        AuthResult::NoOperatorsOnline => AuthError::NoOperatorsOnline,
         AuthResult::Unspecified
         | AuthResult::Success
         | AuthResult::InvalidKey

server/crates/arbiter-crypto/Cargo.toml

@@ -20,3 +20,6 @@ workspace = true
 default = ["authn", "safecell"]
 authn = ["dep:ml-dsa", "dep:rand"]
 safecell = ["dep:memsafe"]
+
+[lib]
+doctest = false

server/crates/arbiter-crypto/src/authn/v1.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ use ml_dsa::{
 use rand::RngExt;
 
 pub static CLIENT_CONTEXT: &[u8] = b"arbiter_client";
-pub static USERAGENT_CONTEXT: &[u8] = b"arbiter_user_agent";
+pub static OPERATOR_CONTEXT: &[u8] = b"arbiter_operator";
+pub static GOVERNANCE_CONTEXT: &[u8] = b"arbiter_governance_vote";
 
 const NONCE_SIZE: usize = 32;
 
@@ -90,6 +91,11 @@ impl PublicKey {
         self.0
             .verify_with_context(&challenge, context, &signature.0)
     }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn verify_message(&self, message: &[u8], context: &[u8], signature: &Signature) -> bool {
+        self.0.verify_with_context(message, context, &signature.0)
+    }
 }
 
 impl Signature {
@@ -192,7 +198,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     use crate::authn::AuthChallenge;
 
-    use super::{CLIENT_CONTEXT, PublicKey, Signature, SigningKey, USERAGENT_CONTEXT};
+    use super::{CLIENT_CONTEXT, PublicKey, Signature, SigningKey, OPERATOR_CONTEXT};
 
     #[test]
     fn public_key_round_trip_decodes() {
@@ -227,7 +233,7 @@ mod tests {
             .expect("signature should be created");
 
         assert!(public_key.verify(&challenge, CLIENT_CONTEXT, &signature));
-        assert!(!public_key.verify(&challenge, USERAGENT_CONTEXT, &signature));
+        assert!(!public_key.verify(&challenge, OPERATOR_CONTEXT, &signature));
     }
 
     #[test]

server/crates/arbiter-crypto/src/safecell.rs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub trait SafeCellHandle<T> {
     fn read(&mut self) -> Self::CellRead<'_>;
     fn write(&mut self) -> Self::CellWrite<'_>;
 
-    fn new_inline<F>(f: F) -> Self
+    fn new_inline_default<F>(f: F) -> Self
     where
         Self: Sized,
         T: Default,
@@ -36,6 +36,14 @@ pub trait SafeCellHandle<T> {
         cell
     }
 
+    fn new_inline<F>(f: Box<F>) -> Self
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        F: for<'a> FnOnce() -> T,
+    {
+        Self::new(f())
+    }
+
     #[inline(always)]
     fn read_inline<F, R>(&mut self, f: F) -> R
     where

server/crates/arbiter-macros/Cargo.toml

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ edition = "2024"
 
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
+doctest = false
 
 [dependencies]
 proc-macro2 = "1.0"

server/crates/arbiter-proto/Cargo.toml

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ license = "Apache-2.0"
 tonic.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
-hex = "0.4.3"
 tonic-prost = "0.14.5"
 prost.workspace = true
 kameo.workspace = true
@@ -19,18 +18,18 @@ thiserror.workspace = true
 rustls-pki-types.workspace = true
 base64.workspace = true
 prost-types.workspace = true
-tracing.workspace = true
 async-trait.workspace = true
 tokio-stream.workspace = true
 
 [build-dependencies]
 tonic-prost-build = "0.14.5"
-protoc-bin-vendored = "3"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 rstest.workspace = true
-rand.workspace = true
 rcgen.workspace = true
 
+[lib]
+doctest = false
+
 [package.metadata.cargo-shear]
-ignored = ["tonic-prost", "prost", "kameo"]
+ignored = ["tonic-prost", "prost"]

server/crates/arbiter-proto/build.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
         .compile_protos(
             &[
                 format!("{}/arbiter.proto", PROTOBUF_DIR),
-                format!("{}/user_agent.proto", PROTOBUF_DIR),
+                format!("{}/operator.proto", PROTOBUF_DIR),
                 format!("{}/client.proto", PROTOBUF_DIR),
                 format!("{}/evm.proto", PROTOBUF_DIR),
             ],

server/crates/arbiter-proto/src/lib.rs

@@ -12,30 +12,38 @@ pub mod proto {
         }
     }
 
-    pub mod user_agent {
-        tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.user_agent");
+    pub mod operator {
+        tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.operator");
 
         pub mod auth {
-            tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.user_agent.auth");
+            tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.operator.auth");
         }
 
         pub mod evm {
-            tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.user_agent.evm");
+            tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.operator.evm");
+        }
+
+        pub mod governance {
+            tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.operator.governance");
         }
 
         pub mod sdk_client {
-            tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.user_agent.sdk_client");
+            tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.operator.sdk_client");
         }
 
         pub mod vault {
-            tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.user_agent.vault");
+            tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.operator.vault");
 
             pub mod bootstrap {
-                tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.user_agent.vault.bootstrap");
+                tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.operator.vault.bootstrap");
+            }
+
+            pub mod rekey {
+                tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.operator.vault.rekey");
             }
 
             pub mod unseal {
-                tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.user_agent.vault.unseal");
+                tonic::include_proto!("arbiter.operator.vault.unseal");
             }
         }
     }

server/crates/arbiter-server/Cargo.toml

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ license = "Apache-2.0"
 workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
-diesel = { version = "2.3.7", features = ["chrono", "returning_clauses_for_sqlite_3_35", "serde_json", "time", "uuid"] }
-diesel-async = { version = "0.8.0", features = [
+diesel = { version = "2.3.9", features = ["chrono", "returning_clauses_for_sqlite_3_35", "serde_json", "time", "uuid"] }
+diesel-async = { version = "0.9.0", features = [
     "bb8",
     "migrations",
     "sqlite",
@@ -27,17 +27,12 @@ tokio.workspace = true
 rustls.workspace = true
 smlang.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
-fatality = "0.1.1"
-diesel_migrations = { version = "2.3.1", features = ["sqlite"] }
+diesel_migrations = { version = "2.3.2", features = ["sqlite"] }
 async-trait.workspace = true
-secrecy = "0.10.3"
-futures.workspace = true
 tokio-stream.workspace = true
-dashmap = "6.1.0"
 rand.workspace = true
 rcgen.workspace = true
 chrono.workspace = true
-zeroize = { version = "1.8.2", features = ["std", "simd"] }
 kameo.workspace = true
 chacha20poly1305 = { version = "0.10.1", features = ["std"] }
 argon2 = { version = "0.5.3", features = ["zeroize"] }
@@ -46,23 +41,24 @@ strum = { version = "0.28.0", features = ["derive"] }
 pem = "3.0.6"
 sha2.workspace = true
 hmac.workspace = true
-spki.workspace = true
 alloy.workspace = true
-prost-types.workspace = true
 prost.workspace = true
+prost-types.workspace = true
 arbiter-tokens-registry.path = "../arbiter-tokens-registry"
 anyhow = "1.0.102"
-serde_with = "3.18.0"
 mutants.workspace = true
 subtle = "2.6.1"
-ml-dsa.workspace = true
-ed25519-dalek.workspace = true
 x25519-dalek.workspace = true
 k256.workspace = true
 kameo_actors.workspace = true
+vsss-rs = "5.4.0"
+rand_core = "0.6"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-insta = "1.47.2"
 proptest = "1.11.0"
 rstest.workspace = true
 test-log = { version = "0.2", default-features = false, features = ["trace"] }
+ml-dsa.workspace = true
+
+[lib]
+doctest = false

server/crates/arbiter-server/migrations/2026-02-14-171124-0000_init/up.sql

@@ -43,13 +43,25 @@ create table if not exists arbiter_settings (
 insert into arbiter_settings (id) values (1) on conflict do nothing;
 -- ensure singleton row exists
 
-create table if not exists useragent_client (
+create table if not exists operator_identity (
     id integer not null primary key,
     public_key blob not null,
     created_at integer not null default(unixepoch ('now')),
     updated_at integer not null default(unixepoch ('now'))
 ) STRICT;
-create unique index if not exists uniq_useragent_client_public_key on useragent_client (public_key);
+create unique index if not exists uniq_operator_identity_public_key on operator_identity (public_key);
+
+create table if not exists operator (
+    id integer primary key references operator_identity(id) on delete restrict, -- same id as operator_identity
+
+    share blob not null,
+    share_nonce blob not null,
+    share_salt blob not null default (randomblob(32)),
+
+    created_at integer not null default(unixepoch ('now')),
+    updated_at integer not null default(unixepoch ('now'))
+
+) STRICT;
 
 create table if not exists client_metadata (
     id integer not null primary key,
@@ -204,3 +216,73 @@ create table if not exists integrity_envelope (
 ) STRICT;
 
 create unique index if not exists uniq_integrity_envelope_entity on integrity_envelope (entity_kind, entity_id);
+
+create table if not exists proposal (
+    id           integer not null primary key,
+    kind         text    not null,
+    payload      blob    not null,
+    initiator_id integer not null references operator_identity(id) on delete restrict,
+    created_at   integer not null default(unixepoch('now')),
+    expires_at   integer not null,
+    status       text    not null default 'pending'
+        check (status in ('pending', 'approved', 'rejected', 'expired'))
+) STRICT;
+
+create table if not exists proposal_vote (
+    id          integer not null primary key,
+    proposal_id integer not null references proposal(id) on delete cascade,
+    operator_id integer not null references operator_identity(id) on delete restrict,
+    approve     integer not null check (approve in (0, 1)),
+    signature   blob    not null,
+    voted_at    integer not null default(unixepoch('now')),
+    unique (proposal_id, operator_id)
+) STRICT;
+
+
+create table if not exists proposal_result (
+    proposal_id integer not null primary key references proposal(id) on delete cascade,
+    data        blob    not null,
+    created_at  integer not null default(unixepoch('now'))
+) STRICT;
+
+-- ===============================
+-- Recovery Operators (§3.4/§3.5/§3.6)
+-- ===============================
+
+-- Encrypted Shamir shares for recovery operators (mirrors the `operator` table).
+create table if not exists recovery_operator (
+    id          integer not null primary key references recovery_operator_identity(id) on delete restrict,
+    share       blob    not null,
+    share_nonce blob    not null,
+    share_salt  blob    not null,
+    created_at  integer not null default(unixepoch('now')),
+    updated_at  integer not null default(unixepoch('now'))
+) STRICT;
+
+create table if not exists recovery_operator_identity (
+    id         integer not null primary key,
+    public_key blob    not null unique,
+    created_at integer not null default(unixepoch('now')),
+    updated_at integer not null default(unixepoch('now'))
+) STRICT;
+
+-- One active wakeup request at a time. A request is pending when cancelled_at IS NULL
+-- and requested_at + 14 days > now. It becomes active (recovery live) after 14 days.
+create table if not exists recovery_wakeup_request (
+    id           integer not null primary key,
+    requested_by integer not null references operator_identity(id) on delete restrict,
+    requested_at integer not null default(unixepoch('now')),
+    cancelled_by integer references operator_identity(id) on delete restrict,
+    cancelled_at integer
+) STRICT;
+
+-- Votes cast by recovery operators; only allowed on replace_operator proposals.
+create table if not exists recovery_proposal_vote (
+    id                   integer not null primary key,
+    proposal_id          integer not null references proposal(id) on delete cascade,
+    recovery_operator_id integer not null references recovery_operator_identity(id) on delete restrict,
+    approve              integer not null check (approve in (0, 1)),
+    signature            blob    not null,
+    voted_at             integer not null default(unixepoch('now')),
+    unique (proposal_id, recovery_operator_id)
+) STRICT;

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/actors/bootstrap.rs

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl Bootstrapper {
         let row_count: i64 = {
             let mut conn = db.get().await?;
 
-            schema::useragent_client::table
+            schema::operator::table
                 .count()
                 .get_result(&mut conn)
                 .await?

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/actors/evm/mod.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::{
     crypto::integrity,
     db::{
         DatabaseError, DatabasePool,
-        models::{self},
+        models::{self, EvmWalletId},
         schema,
     },
     evm::{
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ impl EvmActor {
     }
 
     #[message]
-    pub async fn list_wallets(&self) -> Result<Vec<(i32, Address)>, Error> {
+    pub async fn list_wallets(&self) -> Result<Vec<(EvmWalletId, Address)>, Error> {
         let mut conn = self.db.get().await.map_err(DatabaseError::from)?;
         let rows: Vec<models::EvmWallet> = schema::evm_wallet::table
             .select(models::EvmWallet::as_select())
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ impl EvmActor {
 #[messages]
 impl EvmActor {
     #[message]
-    pub async fn useragent_create_grant(
+    pub async fn operator_create_grant(
         &mut self,
         basic: SharedGrantSettings,
         grant: SpecificGrant,
@@ -160,33 +160,27 @@ impl EvmActor {
     }
 
     #[message]
-    #[expect(clippy::unused_async, reason = "reserved for impl")]
-    pub async fn useragent_delete_grant(&mut self, _grant_id: i32) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        // let mut conn = self.db.get().await.map_err(DatabaseError::from)?;
-        // let vault = self.vault.clone();
+    pub async fn operator_delete_grant(&mut self, grant_id: i32) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let mut conn = self.db.get().await.map_err(DatabaseError::from)?;
 
-        // diesel_async::AsyncConnection::transaction(&mut conn, |conn| {
-        //     Box::pin(async move {
-        //         diesel::update(schema::evm_basic_grant::table)
-        //             .filter(schema::evm_basic_grant::id.eq(grant_id))
-        //             .set(schema::evm_basic_grant::revoked_at.eq(SqliteTimestamp::now()))
-        //             .execute(conn)
-        //             .await?;
+        let affected = diesel::update(schema::evm_basic_grant::table)
+            .filter(schema::evm_basic_grant::id.eq(grant_id))
+            .set(schema::evm_basic_grant::revoked_at.eq(models::SqliteTimestamp::now()))
+            .execute(&mut conn)
+            .await
+            .map_err(DatabaseError::from)?;
 
-        //         let signed = integrity::evm::load_signed_grant_by_basic_id(conn, grant_id).await?;
+        if affected == 0 {
+            return Err(Error::Database(DatabaseError::from(
+                diesel::result::Error::NotFound,
+            )));
+        }
 
-        //         diesel::result::QueryResult::Ok(())
-        //     })
-        // })
-        // .await
-        // .map_err(DatabaseError::from)?;
-
-        // Ok(())
-        todo!()
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     #[message]
-    pub async fn useragent_list_grants(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Grant<SpecificGrant>>, Error> {
+    pub async fn operator_list_grants(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Grant<SpecificGrant>>, Error> {
         match self.engine.list_all_grants().await {
             Ok(grants) => Ok(grants),
             Err(ListError::Database(db_err)) => Err(Error::Database(db_err)),

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/actors/flow_coordinator/client_connect_approval.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::{
     actors::flow_coordinator::ApprovalError,
     peers::{
         client::ClientProfile,
-        user_agent::{UserAgentSession, session::BeginNewClientApproval},
+        operator::{OperatorSession, session::BeginNewClientApproval},
     },
 };
 
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ use std::ops::ControlFlow;
 
 pub struct Args {
     pub client: ClientProfile,
-    pub user_agents: Vec<ActorRef<UserAgentSession>>,
+    pub operators: Vec<ActorRef<OperatorSession>>,
     pub reply: ReplySender<Result<bool, ApprovalError>>,
 }
 
 pub struct ClientApprovalController {
-    /// Number of UAs that have not yet responded (approval or denial) or died.
+    /// Number of operators that have not yet responded (approval or denial) or died.
     pending: usize,
     /// Number of approvals received so far.
     approved: usize,
@@ -42,21 +42,21 @@ impl Actor for ClientApprovalController {
     async fn on_start(
         Args {
             client,
-            user_agents,
+            operators,
             reply,
         }: Self::Args,
         actor_ref: ActorRef<Self>,
     ) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         let this = Self {
-            pending: user_agents.len(),
+            pending: operators.len(),
             approved: 0,
             reply: Some(reply),
         };
 
-        for user_agent in user_agents {
-            actor_ref.link(&user_agent).await;
+        for operator in operators {
+            actor_ref.link(&operator).await;
 
-            let _ = user_agent
+            let _ = operator
                 .tell(BeginNewClientApproval {
                     client: client.clone(),
                     controller: actor_ref.clone(),
@@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ impl Actor for ClientApprovalController {
         _: ActorId,
         _: ActorStopReason,
     ) -> Result<ControlFlow<ActorStopReason>, Self::Error> {
-        // A linked UA died before responding — counts as a non-approval.
+        // A linked operator died before responding — counts as a non-approval.
         self.pending = self.pending.saturating_sub(1);
         if self.pending == 0 {
-            // At least one UA didn't approve: deny.
+            // At least one operator didn't approve: deny.
             self.send_reply(Ok(false));
             return Ok(ControlFlow::Break(ActorStopReason::Normal));
         }
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ impl ClientApprovalController {
         self.pending = self.pending.saturating_sub(1);
 
         if self.pending == 0 {
-            // Every connected UA approved.
+            // Every connected operator approved.
             self.send_reply(Ok(true));
             ctx.stop();
         }

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/actors/flow_coordinator/mod.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
     actors::{
         flow_coordinator::client_connect_approval::ClientApprovalController,
-        useragent_registry::{GetConnected, UserAgentRegistry},
+        operator_registry::{GetConnected, OperatorRegistry},
     },
     peers::client::{ClientProfile, session::ClientSession},
 };
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ pub mod client_connect_approval;
 
 pub struct FlowCoordinator {
     pub clients: HashMap<ActorId, ActorRef<ClientSession>>,
-    useragent_registry: ActorRef<UserAgentRegistry>,
+    operator_registry: ActorRef<OperatorRegistry>,
 }
 
 impl FlowCoordinator {
-    pub fn new(useragent_registry: ActorRef<UserAgentRegistry>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(operator_registry: ActorRef<OperatorRegistry>) -> Self {
         Self {
             clients: HashMap::default(),
-            useragent_registry,
+            operator_registry,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ impl Actor for FlowCoordinator {
 
 #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub enum ApprovalError {
-    #[error("No user agents connected")]
-    NoUserAgentsConnected,
+    #[error("No operators connected")]
+    NoOperatorsConnected,
 }
 
 #[messages]
@@ -93,19 +93,19 @@ impl FlowCoordinator {
             unreachable!("Expected `request_client_approval` to have callback channel");
         };
 
-        let Ok(refs) = self.useragent_registry.ask(GetConnected).await else {
-            reply_sender.send(Err(ApprovalError::NoUserAgentsConnected));
+        let Ok(refs) = self.operator_registry.ask(GetConnected).await else {
+            reply_sender.send(Err(ApprovalError::NoOperatorsConnected));
             return reply;
         };
 
         if refs.is_empty() {
-            reply_sender.send(Err(ApprovalError::NoUserAgentsConnected));
+            reply_sender.send(Err(ApprovalError::NoOperatorsConnected));
             return reply;
         }
 
         ClientApprovalController::spawn(client_connect_approval::Args {
             client,
-            user_agents: refs,
+            operators: refs,
             reply: reply_sender,
         });
 

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/actors/mod.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use crate::{
     actors::{
         bootstrap::Bootstrapper, evm::EvmActor, flow_coordinator::FlowCoordinator,
-        useragent_registry::UserAgentRegistry, vault::Vault,
+        operator_registry::OperatorRegistry, proposal_manager::ProposalManager, vault::Vault,
+        vault_coordinator::VaultCoordinator,
     },
     db,
 };
@@ -13,8 +14,10 @@ use thiserror::Error;
 pub mod bootstrap;
 pub mod evm;
 pub mod flow_coordinator;
-pub mod useragent_registry;
+pub mod operator_registry;
+pub mod proposal_manager;
 pub mod vault;
+pub mod vault_coordinator;
 
 #[derive(Error, Debug)]
 pub enum SpawnError {
@@ -30,9 +33,11 @@ pub enum SpawnError {
 pub struct GlobalActors {
     pub vault: ActorRef<Vault>,
     pub bootstrapper: ActorRef<Bootstrapper>,
+    pub vault_coordinator: ActorRef<VaultCoordinator>,
     pub flow_coordinator: ActorRef<FlowCoordinator>,
-    pub useragent_registry: ActorRef<UserAgentRegistry>,
+    pub operator_registry: ActorRef<OperatorRegistry>,
     pub evm: ActorRef<EvmActor>,
+    pub proposal_manager: ActorRef<ProposalManager>,
     pub events: ActorRef<MessageBus>,
 }
 
@@ -44,16 +49,28 @@ impl GlobalActors {
     pub async fn spawn(db: db::DatabasePool) -> Result<Self, SpawnError> {
         let message_bus = Self::spawn_message_bus();
         let key_holder = Vault::spawn(Vault::new(db.clone(), message_bus.clone()).await?);
-        let useragent_registry = UserAgentRegistry::spawn(UserAgentRegistry::default());
+        let operator_registry = OperatorRegistry::spawn(OperatorRegistry::default());
+        let evm = EvmActor::spawn(EvmActor::new(key_holder.clone(), db.clone()));
+        let vault_coordinator = VaultCoordinator::spawn(VaultCoordinator::new(
+            db.clone(),
+            key_holder.clone(),
+        ));
         Ok(Self {
             bootstrapper: Bootstrapper::spawn(Bootstrapper::new(&db).await?),
-            evm: EvmActor::spawn(EvmActor::new(key_holder.clone(), db)),
-            vault: key_holder,
-            flow_coordinator: FlowCoordinator::spawn(FlowCoordinator::new(
-                useragent_registry.clone(),
+            proposal_manager: ProposalManager::spawn(ProposalManager::new(
+                db,
+                key_holder.clone(),
+                evm.clone(),
+                vault_coordinator.clone(),
             )),
-            useragent_registry,
+            vault: key_holder,
+            vault_coordinator,
+            flow_coordinator: FlowCoordinator::spawn(FlowCoordinator::new(
+                operator_registry.clone(),
+            )),
+            operator_registry,
             events: message_bus,
+            evm,
         })
     }
 }

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/actors/operator_registry.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::peers::user_agent::UserAgentSession;
+use crate::peers::operator::OperatorSession;
 
 use kameo::{
     Actor,
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ use std::{collections::HashMap, ops::ControlFlow};
 use tracing::info;
 
 #[derive(Default)]
-pub struct UserAgentRegistry {
-    connected: HashMap<ActorId, ActorRef<UserAgentSession>>,
+pub struct OperatorRegistry {
+    connected: HashMap<ActorId, ActorRef<OperatorSession>>,
 }
 
-impl Actor for UserAgentRegistry {
+impl Actor for OperatorRegistry {
     type Args = Self;
 
     type Error = Infallible;
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ impl Actor for UserAgentRegistry {
         if self.connected.remove(&id).is_some() {
             info!(
                 ?id,
-                actor = "UserAgentRegistry",
-                event = "useragent.disconnected"
+                actor = "OperatorRegistry",
+                event = "operator.disconnected"
             );
         }
         Ok(ControlFlow::Continue(()))
@@ -42,20 +42,20 @@ impl Actor for UserAgentRegistry {
 }
 
 #[messages]
-impl UserAgentRegistry {
+impl OperatorRegistry {
     #[message(ctx)]
-    pub async fn connect_useragent(
+    pub async fn connect_operator(
         &mut self,
-        actor: ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
+        actor: ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
         ctx: &mut Context<Self, ()>,
     ) {
-        info!(id = %actor.id(), actor = "UserAgentRegistry", event = "useragent.connected");
+        info!(id = %actor.id(), actor = "OperatorRegistry", event = "operator.connected");
         ctx.actor_ref().link(&actor).await;
         self.connected.insert(actor.id(), actor);
     }
 
     #[message]
-    pub fn get_connected(&self) -> Vec<ActorRef<UserAgentSession>> {
+    pub fn get_connected(&self) -> Vec<ActorRef<OperatorSession>> {
         self.connected.values().cloned().collect()
     }
 }

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/actors/vault/mod.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 use crate::{
     crypto::{
-        KeyCell, derive_key,
+        KeyCell,
         encryption::v1::{self, Nonce},
         integrity::v1::HmacSha256,
     },
     db::{
         self,
-        models::{self, RootKeyHistory},
-        schema::{self},
+        models::{self, RootKeyHistory, RootKeyHistoryId},
+        schema,
     },
 };
 use arbiter_crypto::safecell::{SafeCell, SafeCellHandle as _};
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ use strum::{EnumDiscriminants, IntoDiscriminant};
 use tracing::{error, info};
 
 pub mod events {
-
     #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
     pub struct Bootstrapped;
 
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ pub enum Error {
 }
 
 struct Unsealed {
-    root_key_history_id: i32,
+    root_key_history_id: RootKeyHistoryId,
     root_key: KeyCell,
 }
 
@@ -73,8 +72,9 @@ struct Unsealed {
 enum State {
     #[default]
     Unbootstrapped,
+
     Sealed {
-        root_key_history_id: i32,
+        root_key_history_id: RootKeyHistoryId,
     },
     Unsealed(Unsealed),
 }
@@ -90,7 +90,6 @@ pub struct Vault {
     events: ActorRef<MessageBus>,
 }
 
-#[messages]
 impl Vault {
     pub async fn new(db: db::DatabasePool, events: ActorRef<MessageBus>) -> Result<Self, Error> {
         let state = {
@@ -113,37 +112,38 @@ impl Vault {
         Ok(Self { db, state, events })
     }
 
-    // Exclusive transaction to avoid race condtions if multiple vaults write
+    // Exclusive transaction to avoid race conditions if multiple vaults write
     // additional layer of protection against nonce-reuse
-    async fn get_new_nonce(pool: &db::DatabasePool, root_key_id: i32) -> Result<Nonce, Error> {
+    async fn get_new_nonce(
+        pool: &db::DatabasePool,
+        root_key_id: RootKeyHistoryId,
+    ) -> Result<Nonce, Error> {
         let mut conn = pool.get().await?;
 
         let nonce = conn
-            .exclusive_transaction(|conn| {
-                Box::pin(async move {
-                    let current_nonce: Vec<u8> = schema::root_key_history::table
-                        .filter(schema::root_key_history::id.eq(root_key_id))
-                        .select(schema::root_key_history::data_encryption_nonce)
-                        .first(conn)
-                        .await?;
+            .exclusive_transaction(async |conn| {
+                let current_nonce: Vec<u8> = schema::root_key_history::table
+                    .filter(schema::root_key_history::id.eq(root_key_id))
+                    .select(schema::root_key_history::data_encryption_nonce)
+                    .first(&mut *conn)
+                    .await?;
 
-                    let mut nonce = Nonce::try_from(current_nonce.as_slice()).map_err(|()| {
-                        error!(
-                            "Broken database: invalid nonce for root key history id={}",
-                            root_key_id
-                        );
-                        Error::BrokenDatabase
-                    })?;
-                    nonce.increment();
+                let mut nonce = Nonce::try_from(current_nonce.as_slice()).map_err(|()| {
+                    error!(
+                        "Broken database: invalid nonce for root key history id={:#?}",
+                        root_key_id
+                    );
+                    Error::BrokenDatabase
+                })?;
+                nonce.increment();
 
-                    update(schema::root_key_history::table)
-                        .filter(schema::root_key_history::id.eq(root_key_id))
-                        .set(schema::root_key_history::data_encryption_nonce.eq(nonce.to_vec()))
-                        .execute(conn)
-                        .await?;
+                update(schema::root_key_history::table)
+                    .filter(schema::root_key_history::id.eq(root_key_id))
+                    .set(schema::root_key_history::data_encryption_nonce.eq(nonce.to_vec()))
+                    .execute(&mut *conn)
+                    .await?;
 
-                    Result::<_, Error>::Ok(nonce)
-                })
+                Result::<_, Error>::Ok(nonce)
             })
             .await?;
 
@@ -157,56 +157,60 @@ impl Vault {
             State::Sealed { .. } => Err(Error::Sealed),
         }
     }
+}
 
+#[messages]
+impl Vault {
     #[message]
-    pub async fn bootstrap(&mut self, seal_key_raw: SafeCell<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        if !matches!(self.state, State::Unbootstrapped) {
+    pub async fn bootstrap(&mut self, mut seal_key: KeyCell) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        if !matches!(&self.state, State::Unbootstrapped) {
             return Err(Error::AlreadyBootstrapped);
         }
-        let salt = v1::generate_salt();
-        let mut seal_key = derive_key(seal_key_raw, &salt);
+
         let mut root_key = KeyCell::new_secure_random();
 
         // Zero nonces are fine because they are one-time
         let root_key_nonce = Nonce::default();
         let data_encryption_nonce = Nonce::default();
 
-        let root_key_ciphertext: Vec<u8> = root_key.0.read_inline(|reader| {
-            let root_key_reader = reader.as_slice();
+        // Generate salt (kept for schema compat)
+        let root_key_salt = v1::generate_salt();
+
+        let root_key_ciphertext: Vec<u8> = root_key.0.read_inline(|rk| {
             seal_key
-                .encrypt(&root_key_nonce, v1::ROOT_KEY_TAG, root_key_reader)
+                .encrypt(&root_key_nonce, v1::ROOT_KEY_TAG, rk.as_slice())
                 .map_err(|err| {
                     error!(?err, "Fatal bootstrap error");
                     Error::Encryption(err)
                 })
         })?;
 
+        let data_encryption_nonce_bytes = data_encryption_nonce.to_vec();
         let mut conn = self.db.get().await?;
 
-        let data_encryption_nonce_bytes = data_encryption_nonce.to_vec();
         let root_key_history_id = conn
-            .transaction(|conn| {
-                Box::pin(async move {
-                    let root_key_history_id: i32 = insert_into(schema::root_key_history::table)
-                        .values(&models::NewRootKeyHistory {
-                            ciphertext: root_key_ciphertext,
-                            tag: v1::ROOT_KEY_TAG.to_vec(),
-                            root_key_encryption_nonce: root_key_nonce.to_vec(),
-                            data_encryption_nonce: data_encryption_nonce_bytes,
-                            schema_version: 1,
-                            salt: salt.to_vec(),
-                        })
-                        .returning(schema::root_key_history::id)
-                        .get_result(conn)
-                        .await?;
+            .transaction(async |conn| {
+                let root_key_history_id = insert_into(schema::root_key_history::table)
+                    .values(&models::NewRootKeyHistory {
+                        ciphertext: root_key_ciphertext.clone(),
+                        tag: v1::ROOT_KEY_TAG.to_vec(),
+                        root_key_encryption_nonce: root_key_nonce.to_vec(),
+                        data_encryption_nonce: data_encryption_nonce_bytes.clone(),
+                        schema_version: 1,
+                        salt: root_key_salt.to_vec(),
+                    })
+                    .returning(schema::root_key_history::id)
+                    .get_result(&mut *conn)
+                    .await?;
 
-                    update(schema::arbiter_settings::table)
-                        .set(schema::arbiter_settings::root_key_id.eq(root_key_history_id))
-                        .execute(conn)
-                        .await?;
+                update(schema::arbiter_settings::table)
+                    .set(schema::arbiter_settings::root_key_id.eq(root_key_history_id))
+                    .execute(&mut *conn)
+                    .await?;
 
-                    Result::<_, diesel::result::Error>::Ok(root_key_history_id)
-                })
+                Result::<_, diesel::result::Error>::Ok(RootKeyHistoryId::from_raw(
+                    root_key_history_id,
+                ))
             })
             .await?;
 
@@ -222,52 +226,47 @@ impl Vault {
     }
 
     #[message]
-    pub async fn try_unseal(&mut self, seal_key_raw: SafeCell<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    pub async fn try_unseal(&mut self, mut seal_key: KeyCell) -> Result<(), Error> {
         let State::Sealed {
             root_key_history_id,
         } = &self.state
         else {
             return Err(Error::NotBootstrapped);
         };
+        let root_key_history_id = *root_key_history_id;
 
-        // We don't want to hold connection while doing expensive KDF work
+        // We don't want to hold connection while doing expensive work
         let current_key = {
             let mut conn = self.db.get().await?;
             schema::root_key_history::table
-                .filter(schema::root_key_history::id.eq(*root_key_history_id))
+                .filter(schema::root_key_history::id.eq(root_key_history_id))
                 .select(RootKeyHistory::as_select())
                 .first(&mut conn)
                 .await?
         };
 
-        let salt = &current_key.salt;
-        let salt = v1::Salt::try_from(salt.as_slice()).map_err(|_| {
-            error!("Broken database: invalid salt for root key");
-            Error::BrokenDatabase
-        })?;
-        let mut seal_key = derive_key(seal_key_raw, &salt);
-
-        let mut root_key = SafeCell::new(current_key.ciphertext.clone());
-
         let nonce =
             Nonce::try_from(current_key.root_key_encryption_nonce.as_slice()).map_err(|()| {
                 error!("Broken database: invalid nonce for root key");
                 Error::BrokenDatabase
             })?;
 
+        let mut root_key_bytes = SafeCell::new(current_key.ciphertext.clone());
         seal_key
-            .decrypt_in_place(&nonce, v1::ROOT_KEY_TAG, &mut root_key)
+            .decrypt_in_place(&nonce, v1::ROOT_KEY_TAG, &mut root_key_bytes)
             .map_err(|err| {
                 error!(?err, "Failed to unseal root key: invalid seal key");
                 Error::InvalidKey
             })?;
 
+        let root_key = KeyCell::try_from(root_key_bytes).map_err(|()| {
+            error!("Broken database: invalid encryption key size");
+            Error::BrokenDatabase
+        })?;
+
         self.state = State::Unsealed(Unsealed {
             root_key_history_id: current_key.id,
-            root_key: KeyCell::try_from(root_key).map_err(|err| {
-                error!(?err, "Broken database: invalid encryption key size");
-                Error::BrokenDatabase
-            })?,
+            root_key,
         });
 
         info!("Vault unsealed successfully");
@@ -276,6 +275,77 @@ impl Vault {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Re-encrypts the root key with `new_seal_key` and records a new root_key_history row.
+    /// Called after a Shamir re-key so the old seal key is no longer sufficient to unseal.
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn rekey_root_key(&mut self, mut new_seal_key: KeyCell) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let Unsealed {
+            root_key,
+            root_key_history_id,
+        } = Self::expect_unsealed(&mut self.state)?;
+
+        let new_nonce = Nonce::default();
+        let new_salt = v1::generate_salt();
+
+        let new_ciphertext: Vec<u8> = root_key.0.read_inline(|rk| {
+            new_seal_key
+                .encrypt(&new_nonce, v1::ROOT_KEY_TAG, rk.as_slice())
+                .map_err(|err| {
+                    error!(?err, "Fatal rekey error");
+                    Error::Encryption(err)
+                })
+        })?;
+
+        let data_encryption_nonce = Nonce::default();
+
+        let mut conn = self.db.get().await?;
+        let new_root_key_history_id: i32 = conn
+            .transaction(async |conn| {
+                let new_id = insert_into(schema::root_key_history::table)
+                    .values(&models::NewRootKeyHistory {
+                        ciphertext: new_ciphertext,
+                        tag: v1::ROOT_KEY_TAG.to_vec(),
+                        root_key_encryption_nonce: new_nonce.to_vec(),
+                        data_encryption_nonce: data_encryption_nonce.to_vec(),
+                        schema_version: 1,
+                        salt: new_salt.to_vec(),
+                    })
+                    .returning(schema::root_key_history::id)
+                    .get_result::<i32>(&mut *conn)
+                    .await?;
+
+                update(schema::arbiter_settings::table)
+                    .set(schema::arbiter_settings::root_key_id.eq(new_id))
+                    .execute(&mut *conn)
+                    .await?;
+
+                Result::<_, diesel::result::Error>::Ok(new_id)
+            })
+            .await?;
+
+        *root_key_history_id = RootKeyHistoryId::from_raw(new_root_key_history_id);
+        info!("Vault root key rekeyed successfully");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn seal(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let Unsealed {
+            root_key_history_id,
+            ..
+        } = Self::expect_unsealed(&mut self.state)?;
+
+        self.state = State::Sealed {
+            root_key_history_id: *root_key_history_id,
+        };
+        let _ = self.events.tell(Publish(events::VaultResealed)).await;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+// Server-side cryptographic operations
+#[messages]
+impl Vault {
     #[message]
     pub async fn decrypt(&mut self, aead_id: i32) -> Result<SafeCell<Vec<u8>>, Error> {
         let Unsealed { root_key, .. } = Self::expect_unsealed(&mut self.state)?;
@@ -344,19 +414,20 @@ impl Vault {
     }
 
     #[message]
-    pub fn sign_integrity(&mut self, mac_input: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(i32, Vec<u8>), Error> {
+    pub fn sign_integrity(
+        &mut self,
+        mac_input: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<(RootKeyHistoryId, Vec<u8>), Error> {
         let Unsealed {
             root_key,
             root_key_history_id,
         } = Self::expect_unsealed(&mut self.state)?;
 
-        let mut hmac = root_key
-            .0
-            .read_inline(|k| match HmacSha256::new_from_slice(k) {
-                Ok(v) => v,
-                Err(_) => unreachable!("HMAC accepts keys of any size"),
-            });
-        hmac.update(&root_key_history_id.to_be_bytes());
+        let mut hmac = root_key.0.read_inline(|k| {
+            HmacSha256::new_from_slice(k)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| unreachable!("HMAC accepts keys of any size"))
+        });
+        hmac.update(&root_key_history_id.to_raw().to_be_bytes());
         hmac.update(&mac_input);
 
         let mac = hmac.finalize().into_bytes().to_vec();
@@ -368,7 +439,7 @@ impl Vault {
         &mut self,
         mac_input: Vec<u8>,
         expected_mac: Vec<u8>,
-        key_version: i32,
+        key_version: RootKeyHistoryId,
     ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
         let Unsealed {
             root_key,
@@ -379,31 +450,15 @@ impl Vault {
             return Ok(false);
         }
 
-        let mut hmac = root_key
-            .0
-            .read_inline(|k| match HmacSha256::new_from_slice(k) {
-                Ok(v) => v,
-                Err(_) => unreachable!("HMAC accepts keys of any size"),
-            });
-        hmac.update(&key_version.to_be_bytes());
+        let mut hmac = root_key.0.read_inline(|k| {
+            HmacSha256::new_from_slice(k)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| unreachable!("HMAC accepts keys of any size"))
+        });
+        hmac.update(&key_version.to_raw().to_be_bytes());
         hmac.update(&mac_input);
 
         Ok(hmac.verify_slice(&expected_mac).is_ok())
     }
-
-    #[message]
-    pub async fn seal(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        let Unsealed {
-            root_key_history_id,
-            ..
-        } = Self::expect_unsealed(&mut self.state)?;
-
-        self.state = State::Sealed {
-            root_key_history_id: *root_key_history_id,
-        };
-        let _ = self.events.tell(Publish(events::VaultResealed)).await;
-        Ok(())
-    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -417,8 +472,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut actor = Vault::new(db.clone(), GlobalActors::spawn_message_bus())
             .await
             .unwrap();
-        let seal_key = SafeCell::new(b"test-seal-key".to_vec());
-        actor.bootstrap(seal_key).await.unwrap();
+        actor.bootstrap(KeyCell::from([0u8; 32])).await.unwrap();
         actor
     }
 
@@ -427,12 +481,12 @@ mod tests {
     async fn nonce_monotonic_even_when_nonce_allocation_interleaves() {
         let db = db::create_test_pool().await;
         let mut actor = bootstrapped_actor(&db).await;
-        let root_key_history_id = match actor.state {
-            State::Unsealed(Unsealed {
-                root_key_history_id,
-                ..
-            }) => root_key_history_id,
-            _ => panic!("expected unsealed state"),
+        let State::Unsealed(Unsealed {
+            root_key_history_id,
+            ..
+        }) = actor.state
+        else {
+            panic!("expected unsealed state");
         };
 
         let n1 = Vault::get_new_nonce(&db, root_key_history_id)
@@ -444,8 +498,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(n2.to_vec() > n1.to_vec(), "nonce must increase");
 
         let mut conn = db.get().await.unwrap();
-        let root_row: models::RootKeyHistory = schema::root_key_history::table
-            .select(models::RootKeyHistory::as_select())
+        let root_row: RootKeyHistory = schema::root_key_history::table
+            .select(RootKeyHistory::as_select())
             .first(&mut conn)
             .await
             .unwrap();

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/actors/vault_coordinator/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,721 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use arbiter_crypto::safecell::{SafeCell, SafeCellHandle as _};
+use diesel::{ExpressionMethods as _, QueryDsl};
+use diesel_async::RunQueryDsl;
+use kameo::{Actor, actor::ActorRef, messages};
+use rand_core::{OsRng, RngCore as _};
+use tracing::error;
+
+use crate::{
+    actors::vault::{Bootstrap, RekeyRootKey, TryUnseal, Vault},
+    crypto::{KeyCell, derive_key, encryption::v1::Nonce, shamir, shamir::shamir_threshold},
+    db::{self, models, schema},
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum Error {
+    #[error("Already coordinating a bootstrap")]
+    AlreadyBootstrapping,
+    #[error("Already coordinating an unseal")]
+    AlreadyUnsealing,
+    #[error("Rekey not in progress")]
+    NotRekeying,
+    #[error("Bootstrap not in progress")]
+    NotBootstrapping,
+    #[error("Unseal not in progress")]
+    NotUnsealing,
+    #[error("Operator already contributed")]
+    DuplicateContribution,
+    #[error("Operator not found in database")]
+    OperatorNotFound,
+    #[error("Invalid passphrase (decryption failed)")]
+    InvalidPassphrase,
+    #[error("Shamir error: {0}")]
+    Shamir(String),
+    #[error("Database connection error: {0}")]
+    DatabaseConnection(#[from] db::PoolError),
+    #[error("Database query error: {0}")]
+    DatabaseQuery(#[from] diesel::result::Error),
+    #[error("Encryption error")]
+    Encryption,
+    #[error("Vault error")]
+    VaultError,
+    #[error("Two-operator vaults require at least one recovery share")]
+    TwoOperatorsRequireRecovery,
+    #[error("Broken database")]
+    BrokenDatabase,
+}
+
+// Passphrases stored as plain Vec<u8> (not SafeCell) so CoordinatorState is Sync.
+// They are ephemeral and dropped immediately after use.
+enum CoordinatorState {
+    Idle,
+    Bootstrapping {
+        declared_count: usize,
+        recovery_count: usize,
+        passphrases: HashMap<i32, Vec<u8>>,
+        recovery_passphrases: HashMap<i32, Vec<u8>>,
+    },
+    Unsealing {
+        threshold: usize,
+        ordinary_passphrases: HashMap<i32, Vec<u8>>,
+        recovery_passphrases: HashMap<i32, Vec<u8>>,
+    },
+    /// Shamir re-key after `replace_operator` or `update_shamir_parameters` is approved (§3.3).
+    /// Collects new passphrases from all current operators, then generates a fresh seal key,
+    /// re-splits it, and re-encrypts the vault root key.
+    Rekeying {
+        ordinary_count: usize,
+        recovery_count: usize,
+        passphrases: HashMap<i32, Vec<u8>>,
+        recovery_passphrases: HashMap<i32, Vec<u8>>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Actor)]
+pub struct VaultCoordinator {
+    db: db::DatabasePool,
+    vault: ActorRef<Vault>,
+    state: CoordinatorState,
+}
+
+impl VaultCoordinator {
+    pub const fn new(db: db::DatabasePool, vault: ActorRef<Vault>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            db,
+            vault,
+            state: CoordinatorState::Idle,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+const SHARE_AAD: &[u8] = b"arbiter/shamir-share/v1";
+
+fn encrypt_share(
+    passphrase_bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    share: &[u8],
+) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>), Error> {
+    let mut share_salt = vec![0u8; 32];
+    OsRng.fill_bytes(&mut share_salt);
+
+    let mut passphrase_cell = SafeCell::new(passphrase_bytes);
+    let mut share_seal_key = derive_key(&mut passphrase_cell, &share_salt);
+
+    let nonce = Nonce::default();
+    let encrypted_share = share_seal_key
+        .encrypt(&nonce, SHARE_AAD, share)
+        .map_err(|_| Error::Encryption)?;
+
+    Ok((encrypted_share, nonce.to_vec(), share_salt))
+}
+
+fn decrypt_share(
+    passphrase_bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    encrypted_share: Vec<u8>,
+    share_nonce_bytes: &[u8],
+    share_salt: &[u8],
+    operator_id: i32,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    let nonce = Nonce::try_from(share_nonce_bytes).map_err(|()| {
+        error!(operator_id, "Invalid nonce in DB");
+        Error::BrokenDatabase
+    })?;
+
+    let mut passphrase_cell = SafeCell::new(passphrase_bytes);
+    let mut share_seal_key = derive_key(&mut passphrase_cell, share_salt);
+
+    let mut share_buffer = SafeCell::new(encrypted_share);
+    share_seal_key
+        .decrypt_in_place(&nonce, SHARE_AAD, &mut share_buffer)
+        .map_err(|_| Error::InvalidPassphrase)?;
+
+    Ok(share_buffer.read().clone())
+}
+
+/// §3.4: Split the seal key across ordinary + recovery operators.
+/// Threshold = `shamir_threshold(ordinary_count)`; total shares = ordinary + recovery.
+/// When `ordinary_count` == 1 (threshold = 1), vsss-rs does not support a proper split,
+/// so each share is the seal key itself — any single participant can reconstruct.
+async fn finalize_bootstrap(
+    db: db::DatabasePool,
+    vault: ActorRef<Vault>,
+    ordinary_passphrases: HashMap<i32, Vec<u8>>,
+    recovery_passphrases: HashMap<i32, Vec<u8>>,
+) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    let ordinary_count = ordinary_passphrases.len();
+    let recovery_count = recovery_passphrases.len();
+    let total = ordinary_count + recovery_count;
+    let threshold = shamir_threshold(ordinary_count);
+
+    let mut seal_key_bytes = [0u8; 32];
+    OsRng.fill_bytes(&mut seal_key_bytes);
+
+    // threshold == 1 means any single share reconstructs the key (degenerate split).
+    // vsss-rs requires threshold >= 2, so we store the key directly in this case.
+    let shares: Vec<Vec<u8>> = if threshold >= 2 {
+        shamir::split_key(threshold, total, &seal_key_bytes, OsRng)
+            .map_err(|e| Error::Shamir(e.to_string()))?
+    } else {
+        std::iter::repeat_with(|| seal_key_bytes.to_vec()).take(total).collect()
+    };
+
+    let seal_key = KeyCell::from(seal_key_bytes);
+
+    let mut conn = db.get().await?;
+    let mut shares_iter = shares.into_iter();
+
+    for (operator_id_raw, passphrase_bytes) in ordinary_passphrases {
+        let share = shares_iter
+            .next()
+            .expect("split_key returned enough shares");
+        let (encrypted_share, nonce_bytes, share_salt) = encrypt_share(passphrase_bytes, &share)?;
+
+        diesel::replace_into(schema::operator::table)
+            .values((
+                schema::operator::id.eq(Some(operator_id_raw)),
+                schema::operator::share.eq(&encrypted_share),
+                schema::operator::share_nonce.eq(&nonce_bytes),
+                schema::operator::share_salt.eq(&share_salt),
+                schema::operator::created_at.eq(models::SqliteTimestamp::now()),
+                schema::operator::updated_at.eq(models::SqliteTimestamp::now()),
+            ))
+            .execute(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+    }
+
+    for (recovery_id_raw, passphrase_bytes) in recovery_passphrases {
+        let share = shares_iter
+            .next()
+            .expect("split_key returned enough shares");
+        let (encrypted_share, nonce_bytes, share_salt) = encrypt_share(passphrase_bytes, &share)?;
+
+        diesel::replace_into(schema::recovery_operator::table)
+            .values((
+                schema::recovery_operator::id.eq(recovery_id_raw),
+                schema::recovery_operator::share.eq(&encrypted_share),
+                schema::recovery_operator::share_nonce.eq(&nonce_bytes),
+                schema::recovery_operator::share_salt.eq(&share_salt),
+                schema::recovery_operator::created_at.eq(models::SqliteTimestamp::now()),
+                schema::recovery_operator::updated_at.eq(models::SqliteTimestamp::now()),
+            ))
+            .execute(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+    }
+
+    vault.ask(Bootstrap { seal_key }).await.map_err(|err| {
+        error!(?err, "Vault bootstrap failed");
+        Error::VaultError
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// §3.5: Unseal using any threshold-sized mix of ordinary + recovery shares.
+async fn finalize_unseal(
+    db: db::DatabasePool,
+    vault: ActorRef<Vault>,
+    ordinary_passphrases: HashMap<i32, Vec<u8>>,
+    recovery_passphrases: HashMap<i32, Vec<u8>>,
+) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    let mut conn = db.get().await?;
+
+    // Determine whether shares were stored as raw keys (threshold=1) or vsss-rs splits (threshold>=2).
+    let ordinary_operator_count: i64 = schema::operator::table
+        .count()
+        .get_result(&mut conn)
+        .await?;
+    let threshold = shamir_threshold(ordinary_operator_count as usize);
+
+    let mut shares: Vec<Vec<u8>> = Vec::new();
+
+    for (operator_id_raw, passphrase_bytes) in ordinary_passphrases {
+        let (encrypted_share, share_nonce_bytes, share_salt): (Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>) =
+            schema::operator::table
+                .filter(schema::operator::id.eq(Some(operator_id_raw)))
+                .select((
+                    schema::operator::share,
+                    schema::operator::share_nonce,
+                    schema::operator::share_salt,
+                ))
+                .first(&mut conn)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|_| Error::OperatorNotFound)?;
+
+        shares.push(decrypt_share(
+            passphrase_bytes,
+            encrypted_share,
+            &share_nonce_bytes,
+            &share_salt,
+            operator_id_raw,
+        )?);
+    }
+
+    for (recovery_id_raw, passphrase_bytes) in recovery_passphrases {
+        let (encrypted_share, share_nonce_bytes, share_salt): (Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>) =
+            schema::recovery_operator::table
+                .find(recovery_id_raw)
+                .select((
+                    schema::recovery_operator::share,
+                    schema::recovery_operator::share_nonce,
+                    schema::recovery_operator::share_salt,
+                ))
+                .first(&mut conn)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|_| Error::OperatorNotFound)?;
+
+        shares.push(decrypt_share(
+            passphrase_bytes,
+            encrypted_share,
+            &share_nonce_bytes,
+            &share_salt,
+            recovery_id_raw,
+        )?);
+    }
+
+    // When threshold==1, shares are raw 32-byte seal keys (vsss-rs cannot split 1-of-N).
+    // Any single decrypted share is the key itself.
+    let seal_key_bytes: [u8; 32] = if threshold <= 1 {
+        let raw = shares
+            .into_iter()
+            .next()
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::Shamir("No shares available".into()))?;
+        raw.try_into()
+            .map_err(|_| Error::Shamir("Invalid share length".into()))?
+    } else {
+        shamir::combine_shares(&shares).map_err(|e| Error::Shamir(e.to_string()))?
+    };
+
+    let seal_key = KeyCell::from(seal_key_bytes);
+
+    vault.ask(TryUnseal { seal_key }).await.map_err(|err| {
+        error!(?err, "Vault unseal failed");
+        Error::VaultError
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// §3.3: Generate a fresh seal key, split across current operators, re-encrypt the vault root key.
+/// Called after `replace_operator` or `update_shamir_parameters` is approved and all contributors submit.
+async fn finalize_rekey(
+    db: db::DatabasePool,
+    vault: ActorRef<Vault>,
+    ordinary_passphrases: HashMap<i32, Vec<u8>>,
+    recovery_passphrases: HashMap<i32, Vec<u8>>,
+) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    let ordinary_count = ordinary_passphrases.len();
+    let recovery_count = recovery_passphrases.len();
+    let total = ordinary_count + recovery_count;
+    let threshold = shamir_threshold(ordinary_count);
+
+    let mut new_seal_key_bytes = [0u8; 32];
+    OsRng.fill_bytes(&mut new_seal_key_bytes);
+
+    let shares: Vec<Vec<u8>> = if threshold >= 2 {
+        shamir::split_key(threshold, total, &new_seal_key_bytes, OsRng)
+            .map_err(|e| Error::Shamir(e.to_string()))?
+    } else {
+        std::iter::repeat_with(|| new_seal_key_bytes.to_vec())
+            .take(total)
+            .collect()
+    };
+
+    let mut conn = db.get().await?;
+    let mut shares_iter = shares.into_iter();
+
+    for (operator_id_raw, passphrase_bytes) in ordinary_passphrases {
+        let share = shares_iter
+            .next()
+            .expect("split_key returned enough shares");
+        let (encrypted_share, nonce_bytes, share_salt) = encrypt_share(passphrase_bytes, &share)?;
+
+        diesel::replace_into(schema::operator::table)
+            .values((
+                schema::operator::id.eq(Some(operator_id_raw)),
+                schema::operator::share.eq(&encrypted_share),
+                schema::operator::share_nonce.eq(&nonce_bytes),
+                schema::operator::share_salt.eq(&share_salt),
+                schema::operator::created_at.eq(models::SqliteTimestamp::now()),
+                schema::operator::updated_at.eq(models::SqliteTimestamp::now()),
+            ))
+            .execute(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+    }
+
+    for (recovery_id_raw, passphrase_bytes) in recovery_passphrases {
+        let share = shares_iter
+            .next()
+            .expect("split_key returned enough shares");
+        let (encrypted_share, nonce_bytes, share_salt) = encrypt_share(passphrase_bytes, &share)?;
+
+        diesel::replace_into(schema::recovery_operator::table)
+            .values((
+                schema::recovery_operator::id.eq(recovery_id_raw),
+                schema::recovery_operator::share.eq(&encrypted_share),
+                schema::recovery_operator::share_nonce.eq(&nonce_bytes),
+                schema::recovery_operator::share_salt.eq(&share_salt),
+                schema::recovery_operator::created_at.eq(models::SqliteTimestamp::now()),
+                schema::recovery_operator::updated_at.eq(models::SqliteTimestamp::now()),
+            ))
+            .execute(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+    }
+
+    drop(conn);
+
+    let new_seal_key = KeyCell::from(new_seal_key_bytes);
+    vault
+        .ask(RekeyRootKey { new_seal_key })
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            error!(?err, "Vault rekey failed");
+            Error::VaultError
+        })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[messages]
+impl VaultCoordinator {
+    /// Phase 1 of multi-operator bootstrap: declare the committee size.
+    #[message]
+    #[expect(clippy::unused_async, reason = "kameo requires messages to be async")]
+    pub async fn start_bootstrap(
+        &mut self,
+        operator_id: i32,
+        declared_count: usize,
+        recovery_count: usize,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let _ = operator_id; // fixme!: any authenticated operator may announce the committee size. the first call wins
+        if !matches!(self.state, CoordinatorState::Idle) {
+            return Err(Error::AlreadyBootstrapping);
+        }
+        if declared_count == 2 && recovery_count == 0 {
+            return Err(Error::TwoOperatorsRequireRecovery);
+        }
+        self.state = CoordinatorState::Bootstrapping {
+            declared_count,
+            recovery_count,
+            passphrases: HashMap::new(),
+            recovery_passphrases: HashMap::new(),
+        };
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Phase 2 of multi-operator bootstrap: ordinary operator contributes a passphrase.
+    /// Returns Ok(true) when all ordinary + recovery operators contributed and bootstrap finalized.
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn contribute_bootstrap(
+        &mut self,
+        operator_id: i32,
+        mut passphrase: SafeCell<Vec<u8>>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let CoordinatorState::Bootstrapping {
+            declared_count,
+            recovery_count,
+            passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+        } = &mut self.state
+        else {
+            return Err(Error::NotBootstrapping);
+        };
+
+        if passphrases.contains_key(&operator_id) {
+            return Err(Error::DuplicateContribution);
+        }
+
+        let passphrase_bytes = passphrase.read().to_vec();
+        passphrases.insert(operator_id, passphrase_bytes);
+
+        if passphrases.len() < *declared_count || recovery_passphrases.len() < *recovery_count {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+
+        let CoordinatorState::Bootstrapping {
+            passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+            ..
+        } = std::mem::replace(&mut self.state, CoordinatorState::Idle)
+        else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+
+        finalize_bootstrap(
+            self.db.clone(),
+            self.vault.clone(),
+            passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Phase 2 of multi-operator bootstrap: recovery operator contributes a passphrase.
+    /// Returns Ok(true) when all contributors are in and bootstrap finalized.
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn contribute_recovery_bootstrap(
+        &mut self,
+        recovery_operator_id: i32,
+        mut passphrase: SafeCell<Vec<u8>>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let CoordinatorState::Bootstrapping {
+            declared_count,
+            recovery_count,
+            passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+        } = &mut self.state
+        else {
+            return Err(Error::NotBootstrapping);
+        };
+
+        if recovery_passphrases.contains_key(&recovery_operator_id) {
+            return Err(Error::DuplicateContribution);
+        }
+
+        let passphrase_bytes = passphrase.read().to_vec();
+        recovery_passphrases.insert(recovery_operator_id, passphrase_bytes);
+
+        if passphrases.len() < *declared_count || recovery_passphrases.len() < *recovery_count {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+
+        let CoordinatorState::Bootstrapping {
+            passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+            ..
+        } = std::mem::replace(&mut self.state, CoordinatorState::Idle)
+        else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+
+        finalize_bootstrap(
+            self.db.clone(),
+            self.vault.clone(),
+            passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Contribute a passphrase for vault unseal (ordinary operator).
+    /// Returns Ok(true) when threshold reached and vault is unsealed.
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn contribute_unseal(
+        &mut self,
+        operator_id: i32,
+        mut passphrase: SafeCell<Vec<u8>>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        self.ensure_unsealing_state().await?;
+
+        let CoordinatorState::Unsealing {
+            threshold,
+            ordinary_passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+        } = &mut self.state
+        else {
+            return Err(Error::NotUnsealing);
+        };
+
+        if ordinary_passphrases.contains_key(&operator_id) {
+            return Err(Error::DuplicateContribution);
+        }
+
+        let passphrase_bytes = passphrase.read().to_vec();
+        ordinary_passphrases.insert(operator_id, passphrase_bytes);
+
+        if ordinary_passphrases.len() + recovery_passphrases.len() < *threshold {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+
+        self.do_finalize_unseal().await
+    }
+
+    /// Contribute a passphrase for vault unseal (recovery operator, §3.5).
+    /// Recovery operators may contribute during unseal when recovery is active.
+    /// Returns Ok(true) when threshold reached and vault is unsealed.
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn contribute_recovery_unseal(
+        &mut self,
+        recovery_operator_id: i32,
+        mut passphrase: SafeCell<Vec<u8>>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        self.ensure_unsealing_state().await?;
+
+        let CoordinatorState::Unsealing {
+            threshold,
+            ordinary_passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+        } = &mut self.state
+        else {
+            return Err(Error::NotUnsealing);
+        };
+
+        if recovery_passphrases.contains_key(&recovery_operator_id) {
+            return Err(Error::DuplicateContribution);
+        }
+
+        let passphrase_bytes = passphrase.read().to_vec();
+        recovery_passphrases.insert(recovery_operator_id, passphrase_bytes);
+
+        if ordinary_passphrases.len() + recovery_passphrases.len() < *threshold {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+
+        self.do_finalize_unseal().await
+    }
+}
+
+impl VaultCoordinator {
+    /// Initializes `CoordinatorState::Unsealing` on first call if still `Idle`.
+    /// Threshold is based on ordinary operator count only (§3.4).
+    async fn ensure_unsealing_state(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        if matches!(self.state, CoordinatorState::Idle) {
+            let mut conn = self.db.get().await?;
+            let ordinary_count: i64 = schema::operator::table
+                .count()
+                .get_result(&mut conn)
+                .await?;
+            let threshold = shamir_threshold(usize::try_from(ordinary_count).unwrap_or_default());
+            self.state = CoordinatorState::Unsealing {
+                threshold,
+                ordinary_passphrases: HashMap::new(),
+                recovery_passphrases: HashMap::new(),
+            };
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Moves state back to Idle and calls finalize_unseal.
+    async fn do_finalize_unseal(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let CoordinatorState::Unsealing {
+            ordinary_passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+            ..
+        } = std::mem::replace(&mut self.state, CoordinatorState::Idle)
+        else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+
+        finalize_unseal(
+            self.db.clone(),
+            self.vault.clone(),
+            ordinary_passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    async fn do_finalize_rekey(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let CoordinatorState::Rekeying {
+            passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+            ..
+        } = std::mem::replace(&mut self.state, CoordinatorState::Idle)
+        else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+
+        finalize_rekey(
+            self.db.clone(),
+            self.vault.clone(),
+            passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+        )
+        .await?;
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+}
+
+#[messages]
+impl VaultCoordinator {
+    /// Begin Shamir re-key after a key-rotation proposal is approved (§3.3).
+    /// Queries the current operator and recovery operator counts from the DB,
+    /// then transitions to Rekeying state awaiting contributions from all of them.
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn start_rekey(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        if !matches!(self.state, CoordinatorState::Idle) {
+            return Err(Error::AlreadyBootstrapping);
+        }
+        let mut conn = self.db.get().await?;
+        let ordinary_count: i64 = schema::operator_identity::table
+            .count()
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+        let recovery_count: i64 = schema::recovery_operator_identity::table
+            .count()
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await?;
+        self.state = CoordinatorState::Rekeying {
+            ordinary_count: ordinary_count as usize,
+            recovery_count: recovery_count as usize,
+            passphrases: HashMap::new(),
+            recovery_passphrases: HashMap::new(),
+        };
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Contribute an ordinary operator passphrase for the re-key.
+    /// Returns Ok(true) when all contributors have submitted and the re-key is complete.
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn contribute_rekey(
+        &mut self,
+        operator_id: i32,
+        mut passphrase: SafeCell<Vec<u8>>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let CoordinatorState::Rekeying {
+            ordinary_count,
+            recovery_count,
+            passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+        } = &mut self.state
+        else {
+            return Err(Error::NotRekeying);
+        };
+
+        if passphrases.contains_key(&operator_id) {
+            return Err(Error::DuplicateContribution);
+        }
+
+        passphrases.insert(operator_id, passphrase.read().to_vec());
+
+        if passphrases.len() < *ordinary_count || recovery_passphrases.len() < *recovery_count {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+
+        self.do_finalize_rekey().await
+    }
+
+    /// Contribute a recovery operator passphrase for the re-key.
+    /// Returns Ok(true) when all contributors have submitted and the re-key is complete.
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn contribute_recovery_rekey(
+        &mut self,
+        recovery_operator_id: i32,
+        mut passphrase: SafeCell<Vec<u8>>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let CoordinatorState::Rekeying {
+            ordinary_count,
+            recovery_count,
+            passphrases,
+            recovery_passphrases,
+        } = &mut self.state
+        else {
+            return Err(Error::NotRekeying);
+        };
+
+        if recovery_passphrases.contains_key(&recovery_operator_id) {
+            return Err(Error::DuplicateContribution);
+        }
+
+        recovery_passphrases.insert(recovery_operator_id, passphrase.read().to_vec());
+
+        if passphrases.len() < *ordinary_count || recovery_passphrases.len() < *recovery_count {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+
+        self.do_finalize_rekey().await
+    }
+}

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/context/tls.rs

@@ -174,28 +174,26 @@ impl TlsManager {
 
         {
             let mut conn = db.get().await?;
-            conn.transaction(|conn| {
-                Box::pin(async {
-                    let new_tls_history = NewTlsHistory {
-                        cert: new_cert.cert.pem(),
-                        cert_key: new_cert.cert_key.serialize_pem(),
-                        ca_cert: encode_cert_to_pem(&ca.cert),
-                        ca_key: ca.issuer.key().serialize_pem(),
-                    };
+            conn.transaction(async |conn| {
+                let new_tls_history = NewTlsHistory {
+                    cert: new_cert.cert.pem(),
+                    cert_key: new_cert.cert_key.serialize_pem(),
+                    ca_cert: encode_cert_to_pem(&ca.cert),
+                    ca_key: ca.issuer.key().serialize_pem(),
+                };
 
-                    let inserted_tls_history: i32 = diesel::insert_into(tls_history::table)
-                        .values(&new_tls_history)
-                        .returning(tls_history::id)
-                        .get_result(conn)
-                        .await?;
+                let inserted_tls_history: i32 = diesel::insert_into(tls_history::table)
+                    .values(&new_tls_history)
+                    .returning(tls_history::id)
+                    .get_result(&mut *conn)
+                    .await?;
 
-                    diesel::update(arbiter_settings::table)
-                        .set(arbiter_settings::tls_id.eq(inserted_tls_history))
-                        .execute(conn)
-                        .await?;
+                diesel::update(arbiter_settings::table)
+                    .set(arbiter_settings::tls_id.eq(inserted_tls_history))
+                    .execute(&mut *conn)
+                    .await?;
 
-                    Result::<_, diesel::result::Error>::Ok(())
-                })
+                Result::<_, diesel::result::Error>::Ok(())
             })
             .await?;
         }

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/crypto/encryption/v1.rs

@@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn derive_seal_key_deterministic() {
         static PASSWORD: &[u8] = b"password";
-        let password = SafeCell::new(PASSWORD.to_vec());
-        let password2 = SafeCell::new(PASSWORD.to_vec());
+        let mut password = SafeCell::new(PASSWORD.to_vec());
+        let mut password2 = SafeCell::new(PASSWORD.to_vec());
         let salt = generate_salt();
 
-        let mut key1 = derive_key(password, &salt);
-        let mut key2 = derive_key(password2, &salt);
+        let mut key1 = derive_key(&mut password, &salt);
+        let mut key2 = derive_key(&mut password2, &salt);
 
         let key1_reader = key1.0.read();
         let key2_reader = key2.0.read();
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn successful_derive() {
         static PASSWORD: &[u8] = b"password";
-        let password = SafeCell::new(PASSWORD.to_vec());
+        let mut password = SafeCell::new(PASSWORD.to_vec());
         let salt = generate_salt();
 
-        let mut key = derive_key(password, &salt);
+        let mut key = derive_key(&mut password, &salt);
         let key_reader = key.0.read();
 
         assert_ne!(key_reader.as_slice(), &[0u8; 32][..]);

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/crypto/integrity/v1.rs

@@ -215,8 +215,6 @@ mod tests {
         },
         db::{self, schema},
     };
-    use arbiter_crypto::safecell::{SafeCell, SafeCellHandle as _};
-
     use super::{Error, Integrable, sign_entity, verify_entity};
     #[derive(Clone, arbiter_macros::Hashable)]
     struct DummyEntity {
@@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ mod tests {
         );
         actor
             .ask(Bootstrap {
-                seal_key_raw: SafeCell::new(b"integrity-test-seal-key".to_vec()),
+                seal_key: crate::crypto::KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]),
             })
             .await
             .unwrap();

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/crypto/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use arbiter_crypto::safecell::{SafeCell, SafeCellHandle as _};
-use encryption::v1::{Nonce, Salt};
+use encryption::v1::Nonce;
 
 use argon2::{Algorithm, Argon2};
 use chacha20poly1305::{
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use rand::{
 
 pub mod encryption;
 pub mod integrity;
+pub mod shamir;
 
 pub struct KeyCell(pub SafeCell<Key>);
 impl From<SafeCell<Key>> for KeyCell {
@@ -20,6 +21,15 @@ impl From<SafeCell<Key>> for KeyCell {
         Self(value)
     }
 }
+impl From<[u8; 32]> for KeyCell {
+    fn from(bytes: [u8; 32]) -> Self {
+        let cell = SafeCell::new_inline_default(|key: &mut Key| {
+            key.copy_from_slice(&bytes);
+        });
+        Self(cell)
+    }
+}
+
 impl TryFrom<SafeCell<Vec<u8>>> for KeyCell {
     type Error = ();
 
@@ -28,7 +38,7 @@ impl TryFrom<SafeCell<Vec<u8>>> for KeyCell {
         if value.len() != size_of::<Key>() {
             return Err(());
         }
-        let cell = SafeCell::new_inline(|cell_write: &mut Key| {
+        let cell = SafeCell::new_inline_default(|cell_write: &mut Key| {
             cell_write.copy_from_slice(&value);
         });
         Ok(Self(cell))
@@ -37,7 +47,7 @@ impl TryFrom<SafeCell<Vec<u8>>> for KeyCell {
 
 impl KeyCell {
     pub fn new_secure_random() -> Self {
-        let key = SafeCell::new_inline(|key_buffer: &mut Key| {
+        let key = SafeCell::new_inline_default(|key_buffer: &mut Key| {
             let mut rng = StdRng::try_from_rng(&mut SysRng)
                 .expect("Rng failure is unrecoverable and should panic");
             rng.fill_bytes(key_buffer);
@@ -94,7 +104,7 @@ impl KeyCell {
 }
 
 /// Derive a fixed-length key from the password using Argon2id, which is designed for password hashing and key derivation.
-pub fn derive_key(mut password: SafeCell<Vec<u8>>, salt: &Salt) -> KeyCell {
+pub fn derive_key(password: &mut SafeCell<Vec<u8>>, salt: &[u8]) -> KeyCell {
     let params = {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
@@ -132,10 +142,10 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn encrypt_decrypt() {
         static PASSWORD: &[u8] = b"password";
-        let password = SafeCell::new(PASSWORD.to_vec());
+        let mut password = SafeCell::new(PASSWORD.to_vec());
         let salt = generate_salt();
 
-        let mut key = derive_key(password, &salt);
+        let mut key = derive_key(&mut password, &salt);
         let nonce = Nonce(*b"unique nonce 123 1231233"); // 24 bytes for XChaCha20Poly1305
         let associated_data = b"associated data";
         let mut buffer = b"secret data".to_vec();

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/crypto/shamir.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+use vsss_rs::Gf256;
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum ShamirError {
+    #[error("Failed to split key: {0}")]
+    Split(String),
+    #[error("Failed to combine shares: {0}")]
+    Combine(String),
+}
+
+/// Split `key` into `total` shares where any `threshold` shares can reconstruct it.
+/// Each returned Vec<u8> is a share with format [`identifier_byte`, `value_bytes`...].
+pub fn split_key(
+    threshold: usize,
+    total: usize,
+    key: &[u8; 32],
+    rng: impl rand_core::RngCore + rand_core::CryptoRng,
+) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, ShamirError> {
+    Gf256::split_array(threshold, total, key.as_slice(), rng)
+        .map_err(|e| ShamirError::Split(format!("{e:?}")))
+}
+
+/// Returns the minimum number of shares required to reconstruct the secret
+/// for a committee of `n` operators.
+#[must_use]
+pub const fn shamir_threshold(n: usize) -> usize {
+    match n {
+        0 => panic!("No operators"),
+        1 => 1,
+        2 => 2,
+        n => n / 2 + 1,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reconstruct the secret from `threshold` or more shares.
+pub fn combine_shares(shares: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Result<[u8; 32], ShamirError> {
+    let bytes = Gf256::combine_array(shares)
+        .map_err(|e| ShamirError::Combine(format!("{e:?}")))?;
+    <[u8; 32]>::try_from(bytes.as_slice())
+        .map_err(|_| ShamirError::Combine("unexpected reconstructed key length".to_owned()))
+}

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/db/models.rs

@@ -15,10 +15,11 @@ use restructed::Models;
 pub mod types {
     use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
     use diesel::{
+        backend::Backend,
         deserialize::{FromSql, FromSqlRow},
         expression::AsExpression,
         serialize::{IsNull, ToSql},
-        sql_types::Integer,
+        sql_types::{Integer, Text},
         sqlite::{Sqlite, SqliteType},
     };
 
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ pub mod types {
 
     impl FromSql<Integer, Sqlite> for SqliteTimestamp {
         fn from_sql(
-            mut bytes: <Sqlite as diesel::backend::Backend>::RawValue<'_>,
+            mut bytes: <Sqlite as Backend>::RawValue<'_>,
         ) -> diesel::deserialize::Result<Self> {
             let Some(SqliteType::Long) = bytes.value_type() else {
                 return Err(format!(
@@ -79,10 +80,41 @@ pub mod types {
         }
     }
 
-    #[derive(Debug, FromSqlRow, AsExpression, Clone)]
-    #[diesel(sql_type = Integer)]
-    #[repr(transparent)] // hint compiler to optimize the wrapper struct away
-    pub struct ChainId(pub i32);
+    macro_rules! declare_id {
+        ($name:ident) => {
+            #[derive(Debug, FromSqlRow, AsExpression, Clone, Hash, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+            #[diesel(sql_type = Integer)]
+            #[repr(transparent)] // hint compiler to optimize the wrapper struct away
+            pub struct $name(i32);
+
+            impl $name {
+                pub const fn to_raw(self) -> i32 {
+                    self.0
+                }
+                pub const fn from_raw(raw: i32) -> Self {
+                    Self(raw)
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl FromSql<Integer, Sqlite> for $name {
+                fn from_sql(
+                    bytes: <Sqlite as diesel::backend::Backend>::RawValue<'_>,
+                ) -> diesel::deserialize::Result<Self> {
+                    FromSql::<Integer, Sqlite>::from_sql(bytes).map(Self)
+                }
+            }
+            impl ToSql<Integer, Sqlite> for $name {
+                fn to_sql<'b>(
+                    &'b self,
+                    out: &mut diesel::serialize::Output<'b, '_, Sqlite>,
+                ) -> diesel::serialize::Result {
+                    ToSql::<Integer, Sqlite>::to_sql(&self.0, out)
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    declare_id!(ChainId);
 
     #[expect(
         clippy::cast_sign_loss,
@@ -103,19 +135,50 @@ pub mod types {
         }
     };
 
-    impl FromSql<Integer, Sqlite> for ChainId {
-        fn from_sql(
-            bytes: <Sqlite as diesel::backend::Backend>::RawValue<'_>,
-        ) -> diesel::deserialize::Result<Self> {
-            FromSql::<Integer, Sqlite>::from_sql(bytes).map(Self)
-        }
+    declare_id!(OperatorId);
+    declare_id!(OperatorIdentityId);
+    declare_id!(AeadEncryptedId);
+    declare_id!(RootKeyHistoryId);
+    declare_id!(TlsHistoryId);
+    declare_id!(EvmWalletId);
+    declare_id!(ClientId);
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, AsExpression, FromSqlRow)]
+    #[diesel(sql_type = Text)]
+    pub enum ProposalStatus {
+        Pending,
+        Approved,
+        Rejected,
+        Expired,
     }
-    impl ToSql<Integer, Sqlite> for ChainId {
+
+    impl ToSql<Text, Sqlite> for ProposalStatus {
         fn to_sql<'b>(
             &'b self,
             out: &mut diesel::serialize::Output<'b, '_, Sqlite>,
         ) -> diesel::serialize::Result {
-            ToSql::<Integer, Sqlite>::to_sql(&self.0, out)
+            let s: &str = match self {
+                Self::Pending => "pending",
+                Self::Approved => "approved",
+                Self::Rejected => "rejected",
+                Self::Expired => "expired",
+            };
+            <str as ToSql<Text, Sqlite>>::to_sql(s, out)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl FromSql<Text, Sqlite> for ProposalStatus {
+        fn from_sql(
+            bytes: <Sqlite as Backend>::RawValue<'_>,
+        ) -> diesel::deserialize::Result<Self> {
+            let s = <String as FromSql<Text, Sqlite>>::from_sql(bytes)?;
+            match s.as_str() {
+                "pending" => Ok(Self::Pending),
+                "approved" => Ok(Self::Approved),
+                "rejected" => Ok(Self::Rejected),
+                "expired" => Ok(Self::Expired),
+                other => Err(format!("Unknown proposal status: {other}").into()),
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -130,12 +193,12 @@ pub use types::*;
 )]
 #[diesel(table_name = aead_encrypted, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
 pub struct AeadEncrypted {
-    pub id: i32,
+    pub id: AeadEncryptedId,
     pub ciphertext: Vec<u8>,
     pub tag: Vec<u8>,
     pub current_nonce: Vec<u8>,
     pub schema_version: i32,
-    pub associated_root_key_id: i32, // references root_key_history.id
+    pub associated_root_key_id: RootKeyHistoryId,
     pub created_at: SqliteTimestamp,
 }
 
@@ -148,7 +211,7 @@ pub struct AeadEncrypted {
     attributes_with = "deriveless"
 )]
 pub struct RootKeyHistory {
-    pub id: i32,
+    pub id: RootKeyHistoryId,
     pub ciphertext: Vec<u8>,
     pub tag: Vec<u8>,
     pub root_key_encryption_nonce: Vec<u8>,
@@ -166,7 +229,7 @@ pub struct RootKeyHistory {
     attributes_with = "deriveless"
 )]
 pub struct TlsHistory {
-    pub id: i32,
+    pub id: TlsHistoryId,
     pub cert: String,
     pub cert_key: String, // PEM Encoded private key
     pub ca_cert: String,  // PEM Encoded certificate for cert signing
@@ -191,7 +254,7 @@ pub struct ArbiterSettings {
     attributes_with = "deriveless"
 )]
 pub struct EvmWallet {
-    pub id: i32,
+    pub id: EvmWalletId,
     pub address: Vec<u8>,
     pub aead_encrypted_id: i32,
     pub created_at: SqliteTimestamp,
@@ -213,7 +276,7 @@ pub struct EvmWallet {
 )]
 pub struct EvmWalletAccess {
     pub id: i32,
-    pub wallet_id: i32,
+    pub wallet_id: EvmWalletId,
     pub client_id: i32,
     pub created_at: SqliteTimestamp,
 }
@@ -240,7 +303,7 @@ pub struct ProgramClientMetadataHistory {
 #[derive(Models, Queryable, Debug, Insertable, Selectable)]
 #[diesel(table_name = schema::program_client, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
 pub struct ProgramClient {
-    pub id: i32,
+    pub id: ClientId,
     pub public_key: Vec<u8>,
     pub metadata_id: i32,
     pub created_at: SqliteTimestamp,
@@ -248,14 +311,25 @@ pub struct ProgramClient {
 }
 
 #[derive(Queryable, Debug)]
-#[diesel(table_name = schema::useragent_client, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
-pub struct UseragentClient {
-    pub id: i32,
+#[diesel(table_name = schema::operator_client, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
+pub struct OperatorClient {
+    pub id: OperatorIdentityId,
     pub public_key: Vec<u8>,
     pub created_at: SqliteTimestamp,
     pub updated_at: SqliteTimestamp,
 }
 
+#[derive(Queryable, Debug)]
+#[diesel(table_name = schema::operator, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
+pub struct Operator {
+    pub id: OperatorId,
+    pub share: Vec<u8>,
+    pub share_nonce: Vec<u8>,
+    pub share_salt: Vec<u8>,
+    pub created_at: SqliteTimestamp,
+    pub updated_at: SqliteTimestamp,
+}
+
 #[derive(Models, Queryable, Debug, Insertable, Selectable)]
 #[diesel(table_name = evm_ether_transfer_limit, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
 #[view(
@@ -399,8 +473,73 @@ pub struct IntegrityEnvelope {
     pub entity_kind: String,
     pub entity_id: Vec<u8>,
     pub payload_version: i32,
-    pub key_version: i32,
+    pub key_version: RootKeyHistoryId,
     pub mac: Vec<u8>,
     pub signed_at: SqliteTimestamp,
     pub created_at: SqliteTimestamp,
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Queryable, Selectable, Identifiable)]
+#[diesel(table_name = schema::proposal, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
+pub struct Proposal {
+    pub id: i32,
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub payload: Vec<u8>,
+    pub initiator_id: i32,
+    pub created_at: SqliteTimestamp,
+    pub expires_at: SqliteTimestamp,
+    pub status: ProposalStatus,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Insertable)]
+#[diesel(table_name = schema::proposal, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
+pub struct NewProposal {
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub payload: Vec<u8>,
+    pub initiator_id: i32,
+    // status defaults to 'pending' at the DB layer
+    pub expires_at: SqliteTimestamp,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Queryable, Selectable, Identifiable)]
+#[diesel(table_name = schema::proposal_vote, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
+pub struct ProposalVote {
+    pub id: i32,
+    pub proposal_id: i32,
+    pub operator_id: i32,
+    pub approve: bool,
+    pub signature: Vec<u8>,
+    pub voted_at: SqliteTimestamp,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Insertable)]
+#[diesel(table_name = schema::proposal_vote, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
+pub struct NewProposalVote {
+    pub proposal_id: i32,
+    pub operator_id: i32,
+    pub approve: bool,
+    pub signature: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+
+#[derive(Debug, Insertable)]
+#[diesel(table_name = schema::proposal_result, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
+pub struct NewProposalResult {
+    pub proposal_id: i32,
+    pub data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Insertable)]
+#[diesel(table_name = schema::recovery_proposal_vote, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
+pub struct NewRecoveryProposalVote {
+    pub proposal_id: i32,
+    pub recovery_operator_id: i32,
+    pub approve: bool,
+    pub signature: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Insertable)]
+#[diesel(table_name = schema::recovery_wakeup_request, check_for_backend(Sqlite))]
+pub struct NewRecoveryWakeupRequest {
+    pub requested_by: i32,
+}

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/db/schema.rs

@@ -152,6 +152,98 @@ diesel::table! {
     }
 }
 
+diesel::table! {
+    operator (id) {
+        id -> Nullable<Integer>,
+        share -> Binary,
+        share_nonce -> Binary,
+        share_salt -> Binary,
+        created_at -> Integer,
+        updated_at -> Integer,
+    }
+}
+
+diesel::table! {
+    operator_identity (id) {
+        id -> Integer,
+        public_key -> Binary,
+        created_at -> Integer,
+        updated_at -> Integer,
+    }
+}
+
+diesel::table! {
+    proposal (id) {
+        id -> Integer,
+        kind -> Text,
+        payload -> Binary,
+        initiator_id -> Integer,
+        created_at -> Integer,
+        expires_at -> Integer,
+        status -> Text,
+    }
+}
+
+diesel::table! {
+    proposal_result (proposal_id) {
+        proposal_id -> Integer,
+        data -> Binary,
+        created_at -> Integer,
+    }
+}
+
+diesel::table! {
+    recovery_operator (id) {
+        id -> Integer,
+        share -> Binary,
+        share_nonce -> Binary,
+        share_salt -> Binary,
+        created_at -> Integer,
+        updated_at -> Integer,
+    }
+}
+
+diesel::table! {
+    recovery_operator_identity (id) {
+        id -> Integer,
+        public_key -> Binary,
+        created_at -> Integer,
+        updated_at -> Integer,
+    }
+}
+
+diesel::table! {
+    recovery_wakeup_request (id) {
+        id -> Integer,
+        requested_by -> Integer,
+        requested_at -> Integer,
+        cancelled_by -> Nullable<Integer>,
+        cancelled_at -> Nullable<Integer>,
+    }
+}
+
+diesel::table! {
+    recovery_proposal_vote (id) {
+        id -> Integer,
+        proposal_id -> Integer,
+        recovery_operator_id -> Integer,
+        approve -> Bool,
+        signature -> Binary,
+        voted_at -> Integer,
+    }
+}
+
+diesel::table! {
+    proposal_vote (id) {
+        id -> Integer,
+        proposal_id -> Integer,
+        operator_id -> Integer,
+        approve -> Bool,
+        signature -> Binary,
+        voted_at -> Integer,
+    }
+}
+
 diesel::table! {
     program_client (id) {
         id -> Integer,
@@ -185,15 +277,6 @@ diesel::table! {
     }
 }
 
-diesel::table! {
-    useragent_client (id) {
-        id -> Integer,
-        public_key -> Binary,
-        created_at -> Integer,
-        updated_at -> Integer,
-    }
-}
-
 diesel::joinable!(aead_encrypted -> root_key_history (associated_root_key_id));
 diesel::joinable!(arbiter_settings -> root_key_history (root_key_id));
 diesel::joinable!(arbiter_settings -> tls_history (tls_id));
@@ -212,10 +295,24 @@ diesel::joinable!(evm_transaction_log -> evm_wallet_access (wallet_access_id));
 diesel::joinable!(evm_wallet -> aead_encrypted (aead_encrypted_id));
 diesel::joinable!(evm_wallet_access -> evm_wallet (wallet_id));
 diesel::joinable!(evm_wallet_access -> program_client (client_id));
+diesel::joinable!(operator -> operator_identity (id));
 diesel::joinable!(program_client -> client_metadata (metadata_id));
+diesel::joinable!(proposal -> operator_identity (initiator_id));
+diesel::joinable!(proposal_result -> proposal (proposal_id));
+diesel::joinable!(proposal_vote -> proposal (proposal_id));
+diesel::joinable!(proposal_vote -> operator_identity (operator_id));
+diesel::joinable!(recovery_operator -> recovery_operator_identity (id));
+diesel::joinable!(recovery_proposal_vote -> proposal (proposal_id));
+diesel::joinable!(recovery_proposal_vote -> recovery_operator_identity (recovery_operator_id));
+diesel::joinable!(recovery_wakeup_request -> operator_identity (requested_by));
 
 diesel::allow_tables_to_appear_in_same_query!(
     aead_encrypted,
+    proposal_result,
+    recovery_operator,
+    recovery_operator_identity,
+    recovery_wakeup_request,
+    recovery_proposal_vote,
     arbiter_settings,
     client_metadata,
     client_metadata_history,
@@ -230,8 +327,11 @@ diesel::allow_tables_to_appear_in_same_query!(
     evm_wallet,
     evm_wallet_access,
     integrity_envelope,
+    operator,
+    operator_identity,
     program_client,
+    proposal,
+    proposal_vote,
     root_key_history,
     tls_history,
-    useragent_client,
 );

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/evm/mod.rs

@@ -179,24 +179,22 @@ impl Engine {
         }
 
         if run_kind == RunKind::Execution {
-            conn.transaction(|conn| {
-                Box::pin(async move {
-                    let log_id: i32 = insert_into(evm_transaction_log::table)
-                        .values(&NewEvmTransactionLog {
-                            grant_id: grant.common_settings_id,
-                            wallet_access_id: context.target.id,
-                            chain_id: context.chain.into(),
-                            eth_value: utils::u256_to_bytes(context.value).to_vec(),
-                            signed_at: Utc::now().into(),
-                        })
-                        .returning(evm_transaction_log::id)
-                        .get_result(conn)
-                        .await?;
+            conn.transaction(async |conn| {
+                let log_id: i32 = insert_into(evm_transaction_log::table)
+                    .values(&NewEvmTransactionLog {
+                        grant_id: grant.common_settings_id,
+                        wallet_access_id: context.target.id,
+                        chain_id: context.chain.into(),
+                        eth_value: utils::u256_to_bytes(context.value).to_vec(),
+                        signed_at: Utc::now().into(),
+                    })
+                    .returning(evm_transaction_log::id)
+                    .get_result(&mut *conn)
+                    .await?;
 
-                    P::record_transaction(&context, meaning, log_id, &grant, conn).await?;
+                P::record_transaction(&context, meaning, log_id, &grant, &mut *conn).await?;
 
-                    QueryResult::Ok(())
-                })
+                QueryResult::Ok(())
             })
             .await
             .map_err(DatabaseError::from)?;
@@ -222,54 +220,52 @@ impl Engine {
         let vault = self.vault.clone();
 
         let id = conn
-            .transaction(|conn| {
-                Box::pin(async move {
-                    use schema::evm_basic_grant;
+            .transaction(async |conn| {
+                use schema::evm_basic_grant;
 
-                    #[expect(
-                        clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
-                        clippy::cast_possible_wrap,
-                        clippy::as_conversions,
-                        reason = "fixme! #86"
-                    )]
-                    let basic_grant: EvmBasicGrant = insert_into(evm_basic_grant::table)
-                        .values(&NewEvmBasicGrant {
-                            chain_id: full_grant.shared.chain.into(),
-                            wallet_access_id: full_grant.shared.wallet_access_id,
-                            valid_from: full_grant.shared.valid_from.map(SqliteTimestamp),
-                            valid_until: full_grant.shared.valid_until.map(SqliteTimestamp),
-                            max_gas_fee_per_gas: full_grant
-                                .shared
-                                .max_gas_fee_per_gas
-                                .map(|fee| utils::u256_to_bytes(fee).to_vec()),
-                            max_priority_fee_per_gas: full_grant
-                                .shared
-                                .max_priority_fee_per_gas
-                                .map(|fee| utils::u256_to_bytes(fee).to_vec()),
-                            rate_limit_count: full_grant
-                                .shared
-                                .rate_limit
-                                .as_ref()
-                                .map(|rl| rl.count as i32),
-                            rate_limit_window_secs: full_grant
-                                .shared
-                                .rate_limit
-                                .as_ref()
-                                .map(|rl| rl.window.num_seconds() as i32),
-                            revoked_at: None,
-                        })
-                        .returning(evm_basic_grant::all_columns)
-                        .get_result(conn)
-                        .await?;
+                #[expect(
+                    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+                    clippy::cast_possible_wrap,
+                    clippy::as_conversions,
+                    reason = "fixme! #86"
+                )]
+                let basic_grant: EvmBasicGrant = insert_into(evm_basic_grant::table)
+                    .values(&NewEvmBasicGrant {
+                        chain_id: full_grant.shared.chain.into(),
+                        wallet_access_id: full_grant.shared.wallet_access_id,
+                        valid_from: full_grant.shared.valid_from.map(SqliteTimestamp),
+                        valid_until: full_grant.shared.valid_until.map(SqliteTimestamp),
+                        max_gas_fee_per_gas: full_grant
+                            .shared
+                            .max_gas_fee_per_gas
+                            .map(|fee| utils::u256_to_bytes(fee).to_vec()),
+                        max_priority_fee_per_gas: full_grant
+                            .shared
+                            .max_priority_fee_per_gas
+                            .map(|fee| utils::u256_to_bytes(fee).to_vec()),
+                        rate_limit_count: full_grant
+                            .shared
+                            .rate_limit
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .map(|rl| rl.count as i32),
+                        rate_limit_window_secs: full_grant
+                            .shared
+                            .rate_limit
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .map(|rl| rl.window.num_seconds() as i32),
+                        revoked_at: None,
+                    })
+                    .returning(evm_basic_grant::all_columns)
+                    .get_result(&mut *conn)
+                    .await?;
 
-                    P::create_grant(&basic_grant, &full_grant.specific, conn).await?;
+                P::create_grant(&basic_grant, &full_grant.specific, &mut *conn).await?;
 
-                    integrity::sign_entity(conn, &vault, &full_grant, basic_grant.id)
-                        .await
-                        .map_err(|_| diesel::result::Error::RollbackTransaction)?;
+                integrity::sign_entity(&mut *conn, &vault, &full_grant, basic_grant.id)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| diesel::result::Error::RollbackTransaction)?;
 
-                    QueryResult::Ok(basic_grant.id)
-                })
+                QueryResult::Ok(basic_grant.id)
             })
             .await?;
 
@@ -363,7 +359,8 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::db::{
         self, DatabaseConnection,
         models::{
-            EvmBasicGrant, EvmWalletAccess, NewEvmBasicGrant, NewEvmTransactionLog, SqliteTimestamp,
+            EvmBasicGrant, EvmWalletAccess, EvmWalletId, NewEvmBasicGrant, NewEvmTransactionLog,
+            SqliteTimestamp,
         },
         schema::{evm_basic_grant, evm_transaction_log},
     };
@@ -381,7 +378,7 @@ mod tests {
         EvalContext {
             target: EvmWalletAccess {
                 id: WALLET_ACCESS_ID,
-                wallet_id: 10,
+                wallet_id: EvmWalletId::from_raw(5),
                 client_id: 20,
                 created_at: SqliteTimestamp(Utc::now()),
             },

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/evm/policies/ether_transfer/tests.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ use crate::{
     db::{
         self, DatabaseConnection,
         models::{
-            EvmBasicGrant, EvmWalletAccess, NewEvmBasicGrant, NewEvmTransactionLog, SqliteTimestamp,
+            EvmBasicGrant, EvmWalletAccess, EvmWalletId, NewEvmBasicGrant, NewEvmTransactionLog,
+            SqliteTimestamp,
         },
         schema::{evm_basic_grant, evm_transaction_log},
     },
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ fn ctx(to: Address, value: U256) -> EvalContext {
     EvalContext {
         target: EvmWalletAccess {
             id: WALLET_ACCESS_ID,
-            wallet_id: 10,
+            wallet_id: EvmWalletId::from_raw(10),
             client_id: 20,
             created_at: SqliteTimestamp(Utc::now()),
         },

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/evm/policies/token_transfers/tests.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use super::{Settings, TokenTransfer};
 use crate::{
     db::{
         self, DatabaseConnection,
-        models::{EvmBasicGrant, EvmWalletAccess, NewEvmBasicGrant, SqliteTimestamp},
+        models::{EvmBasicGrant, EvmWalletAccess, EvmWalletId, NewEvmBasicGrant, SqliteTimestamp},
         schema::evm_basic_grant,
     },
     evm::{
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn ctx(to: Address, calldata: Bytes) -> EvalContext {
     EvalContext {
         target: EvmWalletAccess {
             id: WALLET_ACCESS_ID,
-            wallet_id: 10,
+            wallet_id: EvmWalletId::from_raw(10),
             client_id: 20,
             created_at: SqliteTimestamp(Utc::now()),
         },

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/evm/safe_signer.rs

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for SafeSigner {
 /// Returns the protected key bytes and the derived Ethereum address.
 pub fn generate(rng: &mut impl rand::Rng) -> (SafeCell<[u8; 32]>, Address) {
     loop {
-        let mut cell = SafeCell::new_inline(|w: &mut [u8; 32]| {
+        let mut cell = SafeCell::new_inline_default(|w: &mut [u8; 32]| {
             rng.fill_bytes(w);
         });
 

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/client/auth.rs

@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ impl Convert for auth::Error {
                 InvalidChallengeSolution => ProtoAuthResult::InvalidSignature,
                 ApproveError(auth::ApproveError::Denied) => ProtoAuthResult::ApprovalDenied,
                 ApproveError(auth::ApproveError::Upstream(
-                    crate::actors::flow_coordinator::ApprovalError::NoUserAgentsConnected,
-                )) => ProtoAuthResult::NoUserAgentsOnline,
+                    crate::actors::flow_coordinator::ApprovalError::NoOperatorsConnected,
+                )) => ProtoAuthResult::NoOperatorsOnline,
                 ApproveError(auth::ApproveError::Internal)
                 | DatabasePoolUnavailable
                 | DatabaseOperationFailed

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/mod.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use crate::peers::{client::ClientConnection, user_agent::UserAgentConnection};
+use crate::peers::{client::ClientConnection, operator::OperatorConnection};
 use arbiter_proto::{
     proto::{
         client::{ClientRequest, ClientResponse},
-        user_agent::{UserAgentRequest, UserAgentResponse},
+        operator::{OperatorRequest, OperatorResponse},
     },
     transport::grpc::GrpcBi,
 };
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use tracing::info;
 mod request_tracker;
 
 pub mod client;
-pub mod user_agent;
+pub mod operator;
 
 mod common;
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub trait TryConvert {
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl arbiter_proto::proto::arbiter_service_server::ArbiterService for super::Server {
-    type UserAgentStream = ReceiverStream<Result<UserAgentResponse, Status>>;
+    type OperatorStream = ReceiverStream<Result<OperatorResponse, Status>>;
     type ClientStream = ReceiverStream<Result<ClientResponse, Status>>;
 
     #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
@@ -52,23 +52,23 @@ impl arbiter_proto::proto::arbiter_service_server::ArbiterService for super::Ser
     }
 
     #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
-    async fn user_agent(
+    async fn operator(
         &self,
-        request: Request<tonic::Streaming<UserAgentRequest>>,
-    ) -> Result<Response<Self::UserAgentStream>, Status> {
+        request: Request<tonic::Streaming<OperatorRequest>>,
+    ) -> Result<Response<Self::OperatorStream>, Status> {
         let req_stream = request.into_inner();
 
         let (bi, rx) = GrpcBi::from_bi_stream(req_stream);
 
-        tokio::spawn(user_agent::start(
-            UserAgentConnection {
+        tokio::spawn(operator::start(
+            OperatorConnection {
                 db: self.context.db.clone(),
                 actors: self.context.actors.clone(),
             },
             bi,
         ));
 
-        info!(event = "connection established", "grpc.user_agent");
+        info!(event = "connection established", "grpc.operator");
 
         Ok(Response::new(rx))
     }

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/operator.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use crate::{
     grpc::request_tracker::RequestTracker,
-    peers::user_agent::{OutOfBand, UserAgentConnection, UserAgentSession},
+    peers::operator::{OutOfBand, OperatorConnection, OperatorSession},
 };
 use arbiter_proto::{
-    proto::user_agent::{
-        UserAgentRequest, UserAgentResponse,
-        user_agent_request::Payload as UserAgentRequestPayload,
-        user_agent_response::Payload as UserAgentResponsePayload,
+    proto::operator::{
+        OperatorRequest, OperatorResponse,
+        operator_request::Payload as OperatorRequestPayload,
+        operator_response::Payload as OperatorResponsePayload,
     },
     transport::{Error as TransportError, Receiver, Sender, grpc::GrpcBi},
 };
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use tracing::{error, info, warn};
 
 mod auth;
 mod evm;
+mod governance;
 mod inbound;
 mod outbound;
 mod sdk_client;
@@ -38,8 +39,8 @@ impl Sender<OutOfBand> for OutOfBandAdapter {
 }
 
 async fn dispatch_loop(
-    mut bi: GrpcBi<UserAgentRequest, UserAgentResponse>,
-    actor: ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
+    mut bi: GrpcBi<OperatorRequest, OperatorResponse>,
+    actor: ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
     mut receiver: mpsc::Receiver<OutOfBand>,
     mut request_tracker: RequestTracker,
 ) {
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ async fn dispatch_loop(
 
                 let payload = sdk_client::out_of_band_payload(oob);
 
-                if bi.send(Ok(UserAgentResponse { id: None, payload: Some(payload) })).await.is_err() {
+                if bi.send(Ok(OperatorResponse { id: None, payload: Some(payload) })).await.is_err() {
                     return;
                 }
             }
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ async fn dispatch_loop(
                 let conn = match message {
                     Ok(conn) => conn,
                     Err(err) => {
-                        warn!(error = ?err, "Failed to receive user agent request");
+                        warn!(error = ?err, "Failed to receive operator request");
                         return;
                     }
                 };
@@ -78,13 +79,13 @@ async fn dispatch_loop(
                 };
 
                 let Some(payload) = conn.payload else {
-                    let _ = bi.send(Err(Status::invalid_argument("Missing user-agent request payload"))).await;
+                    let _ = bi.send(Err(Status::invalid_argument("Missing operator request payload"))).await;
                     return;
                 };
 
                 match dispatch_inner(&actor, payload).await {
                     Ok(Some(response)) => {
-                        if bi.send(Ok(UserAgentResponse {
+                        if bi.send(Ok(OperatorResponse {
                             id: Some(request_id),
                             payload: Some(response),
                         })).await.is_err() {
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ async fn dispatch_loop(
                     }
                     Ok(None) => {}
                     Err(status) => {
-                        error!(?status, "Failed to process user agent request");
+                        error!(?status, "Failed to process operator request");
                         let _ = bi.send(Err(status)).await;
                         return;
                     }
@@ -104,23 +105,24 @@ async fn dispatch_loop(
 }
 
 async fn dispatch_inner(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
-    payload: UserAgentRequestPayload,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
+    payload: OperatorRequestPayload,
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     match payload {
-        UserAgentRequestPayload::Vault(req) => vault::dispatch(actor, req).await,
-        UserAgentRequestPayload::Evm(req) => evm::dispatch(actor, req).await,
-        UserAgentRequestPayload::SdkClient(req) => sdk_client::dispatch(actor, req).await,
-        UserAgentRequestPayload::Auth(..) => {
-            warn!("Unsupported post-auth user agent auth request");
-            Err(Status::invalid_argument("Unsupported user-agent request"))
+        OperatorRequestPayload::Vault(req) => vault::dispatch(actor, req).await,
+        OperatorRequestPayload::Evm(req) => evm::dispatch(actor, req).await,
+        OperatorRequestPayload::SdkClient(req) => sdk_client::dispatch(actor, req).await,
+        OperatorRequestPayload::Auth(..) => {
+            warn!("Unsupported post-auth operator auth request");
+            Err(Status::invalid_argument("Unsupported operator request"))
         }
+        OperatorRequestPayload::Governance(req) => governance::dispatch(actor, req).await,
     }
 }
 
 pub async fn start(
-    mut conn: UserAgentConnection,
-    mut bi: GrpcBi<UserAgentRequest, UserAgentResponse>,
+    mut conn: OperatorConnection,
+    mut bi: GrpcBi<OperatorRequest, OperatorResponse>,
 ) {
     let mut request_tracker = RequestTracker::default();
 
@@ -129,16 +131,16 @@ pub async fn start(
 
     let actor = {
         let transport = auth::AuthTransportAdapter::new(&mut bi, &mut request_tracker);
-        match crate::peers::user_agent::start(&mut conn, transport, Box::new(oob_adapter)).await {
+        match crate::peers::operator::start(&mut conn, transport, Box::new(oob_adapter)).await {
             Ok(actor) => actor,
             Err(e) => {
-                warn!(error = ?e, "User agent connection failed");
+                warn!(error = ?e, "Operator connection failed");
                 return;
             }
         }
     };
 
-    info!("User agent session established");
+    info!("Operator session established");
 
     dispatch_loop(bi, actor.clone(), oob_receiver, request_tracker).await;
     actor.kill();

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/operator/auth.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-use crate::{grpc::request_tracker::RequestTracker, peers::user_agent::auth};
+use crate::{grpc::request_tracker::RequestTracker, peers::operator::auth};
 use arbiter_crypto::authn;
 use arbiter_proto::{
-    proto::user_agent::{
-        UserAgentRequest, UserAgentResponse,
+    proto::operator::{
+        OperatorRequest, OperatorResponse,
         auth::{
             self as proto_auth, AuthChallenge as ProtoAuthChallenge,
             AuthChallengeRequest as ProtoAuthChallengeRequest,
             AuthChallengeSolution as ProtoAuthChallengeSolution, AuthResult as ProtoAuthResult,
             request::Payload as AuthRequestPayload, response::Payload as AuthResponsePayload,
         },
-        user_agent_request::Payload as UserAgentRequestPayload,
-        user_agent_response::Payload as UserAgentResponsePayload,
+        operator_request::Payload as OperatorRequestPayload,
+        operator_response::Payload as OperatorResponsePayload,
     },
     transport::{Bi, Error as TransportError, Receiver, Sender, grpc::GrpcBi},
 };
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ use tonic::Status;
 use tracing::warn;
 
 pub(super) struct AuthTransportAdapter<'a> {
-    pub(super) bi: &'a mut GrpcBi<UserAgentRequest, UserAgentResponse>,
+    pub(super) bi: &'a mut GrpcBi<OperatorRequest, OperatorResponse>,
     pub(super) request_tracker: &'a mut RequestTracker,
 }
 
 impl<'a> AuthTransportAdapter<'a> {
     pub(super) const fn new(
-        bi: &'a mut GrpcBi<UserAgentRequest, UserAgentResponse>,
+        bi: &'a mut GrpcBi<OperatorRequest, OperatorResponse>,
         request_tracker: &'a mut RequestTracker,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl<'a> AuthTransportAdapter<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(super) const fn bi_mut(&mut self) -> &mut GrpcBi<UserAgentRequest, UserAgentResponse> {
+    pub(super) const fn bi_mut(&mut self) -> &mut GrpcBi<OperatorRequest, OperatorResponse> {
         self.bi
     }
 
@@ -45,21 +45,21 @@ impl<'a> AuthTransportAdapter<'a> {
 
     pub(super) async fn send_response_payload(
         &mut self,
-        payload: UserAgentResponsePayload,
+        payload: OperatorResponsePayload,
     ) -> Result<(), TransportError> {
         self.bi
-            .send(Ok(UserAgentResponse {
+            .send(Ok(OperatorResponse {
                 id: Some(self.request_tracker.current_request_id()),
                 payload: Some(payload),
             }))
             .await
     }
 
-    async fn send_user_agent_response(
+    async fn send_operator_response(
         &mut self,
         payload: AuthResponsePayload,
     ) -> Result<(), TransportError> {
-        self.send_response_payload(UserAgentResponsePayload::Auth(proto_auth::Response {
+        self.send_response_payload(OperatorResponsePayload::Auth(proto_auth::Response {
             payload: Some(payload),
         }))
         .await
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl Sender<Result<auth::Outbound, auth::Error>> for AuthTransportAdapter<'_> {
             }
         };
 
-        self.send_user_agent_response(payload).await
+        self.send_operator_response(payload).await
     }
 }
 
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl Receiver<auth::Inbound> for AuthTransportAdapter<'_> {
         let request = match self.bi.recv().await? {
             Ok(request) => request,
             Err(error) => {
-                warn!(error = ?error, "Failed to receive user agent auth request");
+                warn!(error = ?error, "Failed to receive operator auth request");
                 return None;
             }
         };
@@ -133,16 +133,16 @@ impl Receiver<auth::Inbound> for AuthTransportAdapter<'_> {
         let Some(payload) = request.payload else {
             warn!(
                 event = "received request with empty payload",
-                "grpc.useragent.auth_adapter"
+                "grpc.operator.auth_adapter"
             );
             return None;
         };
 
-        let UserAgentRequestPayload::Auth(auth_request) = payload else {
+        let OperatorRequestPayload::Auth(auth_request) = payload else {
             let _ = self
                 .bi
                 .send(Err(Status::invalid_argument(
-                    "Unsupported user-agent auth request",
+                    "Unsupported operator auth request",
                 )))
                 .await;
             return None;
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ impl Receiver<auth::Inbound> for AuthTransportAdapter<'_> {
         let Some(payload) = auth_request.payload else {
             warn!(
                 event = "received auth request with empty payload",
-                "grpc.useragent.auth_adapter"
+                "grpc.operator.auth_adapter"
             );
             return None;
         };
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ impl Receiver<auth::Inbound> for AuthTransportAdapter<'_> {
                 let Ok(pubkey) = authn::PublicKey::try_from(pubkey.as_slice()) else {
                     warn!(
                         event = "received request with invalid public key",
-                        "grpc.useragent.auth_adapter"
+                        "grpc.operator.auth_adapter"
                     );
                     return None;
                 };

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/operator/evm.rs

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ use crate::{
         Convert, TryConvert,
         common::inbound::{RawEvmAddress, RawEvmTransaction},
     },
-    peers::user_agent::{
-        UserAgentSession,
+    peers::operator::{
+        OperatorSession,
         session::handlers::{
             GrantMutationError, HandleEvmWalletCreate, HandleEvmWalletList, HandleGrantCreate,
             HandleGrantDelete, HandleGrantList, HandleSignTransaction,
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ use arbiter_proto::proto::{
         wallet_create_response::Result as WalletCreateResult,
         wallet_list_response::Result as WalletListResult,
     },
-    user_agent::{
+    operator::{
         evm::{
             self as proto_evm, SignTransactionRequest as ProtoSignTransactionRequest,
             request::Payload as EvmRequestPayload, response::Payload as EvmResponsePayload,
         },
-        user_agent_response::Payload as UserAgentResponsePayload,
+        operator_response::Payload as OperatorResponsePayload,
     },
 };
 
@@ -37,16 +37,16 @@ use kameo::actor::ActorRef;
 use tonic::Status;
 use tracing::warn;
 
-const fn wrap_evm_response(payload: EvmResponsePayload) -> UserAgentResponsePayload {
-    UserAgentResponsePayload::Evm(proto_evm::Response {
+const fn wrap_evm_response(payload: EvmResponsePayload) -> OperatorResponsePayload {
+    OperatorResponsePayload::Evm(proto_evm::Response {
         payload: Some(payload),
     })
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn dispatch(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
     req: proto_evm::Request,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     let Some(payload) = req.payload else {
         return Err(Status::invalid_argument("Missing EVM request payload"));
     };
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ pub(super) async fn dispatch(
 }
 
 async fn handle_wallet_create(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     let result = match actor.ask(HandleEvmWalletCreate {}).await {
         Ok((wallet_id, address)) => WalletCreateResult::Wallet(WalletEntry {
             id: wallet_id,
@@ -82,15 +82,15 @@ async fn handle_wallet_create(
 }
 
 async fn handle_wallet_list(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     let result = match actor.ask(HandleEvmWalletList {}).await {
         Ok(wallets) => WalletListResult::Wallets(WalletList {
             wallets: wallets
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|(id, address)| WalletEntry {
                     address: address.to_vec(),
-                    id,
+                    id: id.to_raw(),
                 })
                 .collect(),
         }),
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ async fn handle_wallet_list(
 }
 
 async fn handle_grant_list(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     let result = match actor.ask(HandleGrantList {}).await {
         Ok(grants) => EvmGrantListResult::Grants(EvmGrantList {
             grants: grants
@@ -134,9 +134,9 @@ async fn handle_grant_list(
 }
 
 async fn handle_grant_create(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
     req: EvmGrantCreateRequest,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     let basic = req
         .shared
         .ok_or_else(|| Status::invalid_argument("Missing shared grant settings"))?
@@ -164,9 +164,9 @@ async fn handle_grant_create(
 }
 
 async fn handle_grant_delete(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
     req: EvmGrantDeleteRequest,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     let result = match actor
         .ask(HandleGrantDelete {
             grant_id: req.grant_id,
@@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ async fn handle_grant_delete(
 }
 
 async fn handle_sign_transaction(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
     req: ProtoSignTransactionRequest,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     let request = req
         .request
         .ok_or_else(|| Status::invalid_argument("Missing sign transaction request"))?;

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/operator/governance.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+use crate::{
+    actors::proposal_manager::{Error as ProposalError, ProposalKind, VoteOutcome},
+    peers::operator::{
+        OperatorSession,
+        session::handlers::{HandleCastVote, HandleCreateProposal, HandleQueryPending},
+    },
+};
+use arbiter_proto::proto::operator::{
+    governance::{
+        self as proto_gov, CreateProposalRequest, QueryPendingRequest, QueryPendingResponse,
+        VoteOutcome as ProtoVoteOutcome, create_proposal_request::Kind as ProtoKind,
+        request::Payload as GovRequestPayload, response::Payload as GovResponsePayload,
+    },
+    operator_response::Payload as OperatorResponsePayload,
+};
+use kameo::actor::ActorRef;
+use tonic::Status;
+use tracing::warn;
+
+const fn wrap(payload: GovResponsePayload) -> OperatorResponsePayload {
+    OperatorResponsePayload::Governance(proto_gov::Response {
+        payload: Some(payload),
+    })
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn dispatch(
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
+    req: proto_gov::Request,
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
+    let Some(payload) = req.payload else {
+        return Err(Status::invalid_argument(
+            "Missing governance request payload",
+        ));
+    };
+
+    match payload {
+        GovRequestPayload::Create(req) => handle_create(actor, req).await,
+        GovRequestPayload::Vote(req) => handle_vote(actor, req).await,
+        GovRequestPayload::Query(QueryPendingRequest {}) => handle_query(actor).await,
+    }
+}
+
+async fn handle_create(
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
+    req: CreateProposalRequest,
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
+    let kind = match req.kind {
+        Some(ProtoKind::ApproveSdkClient(p)) => ProposalKind::ApproveSdkClient {
+            client_id: p.client_id,
+        },
+        Some(ProtoKind::GrantWalletAccess(p)) => ProposalKind::GrantWalletAccess {
+            wallet_id: p.wallet_id,
+            client_id: p.client_id,
+        },
+        Some(ProtoKind::ApproveServerUpdate(_)) => ProposalKind::ApproveServerUpdate,
+        Some(ProtoKind::ReplaceOperator(p)) => ProposalKind::ReplaceOperator {
+            old_operator_id: p.old_operator_id,
+            new_pubkey: p.new_pubkey,
+        },
+        Some(ProtoKind::UpdateShamirParameters(p)) => ProposalKind::UpdateShamirParameters {
+            #[expect(
+                clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+                clippy::as_conversions,
+                reason = "new_n is always a small operator count"
+            )]
+            new_n: p.new_n as u8,
+        },
+        Some(ProtoKind::ApprovePersistentGrant(p)) => {
+            use prost::Message as _;
+            ProposalKind::ApprovePersistentGrant {
+                payload_bytes: p.encode_to_vec(),
+            }
+        }
+        Some(ProtoKind::ApproveOneOffTransaction(p)) => {
+            use prost::Message as _;
+            ProposalKind::ApproveOneOffTransaction {
+                payload_bytes: p.encode_to_vec(),
+            }
+        }
+        None => return Err(Status::invalid_argument("Missing proposal kind")),
+    };
+    let ttl_secs = req.ttl_secs.map(i64::from);
+
+    let proposal_id = actor
+        .ask(HandleCreateProposal { kind, ttl_secs })
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| {
+            warn!(?e, "create_proposal failed");
+            Status::internal("Failed to create proposal")
+        })?;
+
+    Ok(Some(wrap(GovResponsePayload::Created(
+        proto_gov::CreateProposalResponse { proposal_id },
+    ))))
+}
+
+async fn handle_vote(
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
+    req: proto_gov::CastVoteRequest,
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
+    let result = actor
+        .ask(HandleCastVote {
+            proposal_id: req.proposal_id,
+            approve: req.approve,
+            signature: req.signature,
+        })
+        .await;
+
+    let outcome = match result {
+        Ok(VoteOutcome::Pending) => ProtoVoteOutcome::Pending,
+        Ok(VoteOutcome::QuorumApproved) => ProtoVoteOutcome::Approved,
+        Ok(VoteOutcome::QuorumRejected) => ProtoVoteOutcome::Rejected,
+        Err(kameo::error::SendError::HandlerError(ProposalError::AlreadyVoted)) => {
+            return Err(Status::invalid_argument("Already voted on this proposal"));
+        }
+        Err(kameo::error::SendError::HandlerError(ProposalError::InvalidSignature)) => {
+            return Err(Status::invalid_argument("Invalid vote signature"));
+        }
+        Err(kameo::error::SendError::HandlerError(ProposalError::ProposalNotFound)) => {
+            return Err(Status::not_found("Proposal not found"));
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            warn!(?e, "cast_vote failed");
+            return Err(Status::internal("Failed to cast vote"));
+        }
+    };
+
+    Ok(Some(wrap(GovResponsePayload::Voted(
+        proto_gov::VoteResponse {
+            outcome: outcome.into(),
+        },
+    ))))
+}
+
+async fn handle_query(
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
+    let summaries = actor.ask(HandleQueryPending {}).await.unwrap_or_default();
+
+    let proposals = summaries
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|s| proto_gov::ProposalSummary {
+            id: s.id,
+            kind: s.kind,
+            initiator_id: s.initiator_id,
+            expires_at: s.expires_at.0.timestamp(),
+            approve_count: s.approve_count,
+            reject_count: s.reject_count,
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    Ok(Some(wrap(GovResponsePayload::Pending(
+        QueryPendingResponse { proposals },
+    ))))
+}

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/operator/inbound.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 use crate::{
-    db::models::{CoreEvmWalletAccess, NewEvmWalletAccess},
+    db::models::{CoreEvmWalletAccess, EvmWalletId, NewEvmWalletAccess},
     evm::policies::{
         SharedGrantSettings, SpecificGrant, TransactionRateLimit, VolumeRateLimit, ether_transfer,
         token_transfers,
     },
-    grpc::Convert,
-    grpc::TryConvert,
+    grpc::{Convert, TryConvert},
 };
 use arbiter_proto::{
     proto::evm::{
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ use arbiter_proto::{
         TransactionRateLimit as ProtoTransactionRateLimit, VolumeRateLimit as ProtoVolumeRateLimit,
         specific_grant::Grant as ProtoSpecificGrantType,
     },
-    proto::user_agent::sdk_client::{WalletAccess, WalletAccessEntry as SdkClientWalletAccess},
+    proto::operator::sdk_client::{WalletAccess, WalletAccessEntry as SdkClientWalletAccess},
 };
 
 use alloy::primitives::{Address, U256};
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ impl Convert for WalletAccess {
 
     fn convert(self) -> Self::Output {
         NewEvmWalletAccess {
-            wallet_id: self.wallet_id,
+            wallet_id: EvmWalletId::from_raw(self.wallet_id),
             client_id: self.sdk_client_id,
         }
     }
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ impl TryConvert for SdkClientWalletAccess {
             return Err(Status::invalid_argument("Missing wallet access entry"));
         };
         Ok(CoreEvmWalletAccess {
-            wallet_id: access.wallet_id,
+            wallet_id: EvmWalletId::from_raw(access.wallet_id),
             client_id: access.sdk_client_id,
             id: self.id,
         })

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/operator/outbound.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use arbiter_proto::proto::{
         TransactionRateLimit as ProtoTransactionRateLimit, VolumeRateLimit as ProtoVolumeRateLimit,
         specific_grant::Grant as ProtoSpecificGrantType,
     },
-    user_agent::sdk_client::{WalletAccess, WalletAccessEntry as ProtoSdkClientWalletAccess},
+    operator::sdk_client::{WalletAccess, WalletAccessEntry as ProtoSdkClientWalletAccess},
 };
 
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ impl Convert for EvmWalletAccess {
         Self::Output {
             id: self.id,
             access: Some(WalletAccess {
-                wallet_id: self.wallet_id,
+                wallet_id: self.wallet_id.to_raw(),
                 sdk_client_id: self.client_id,
             }),
         }

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/operator/sdk_client.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use crate::{
     db::models::NewEvmWalletAccess,
     grpc::Convert,
-    peers::user_agent::{
-        OutOfBand, UserAgentSession,
+    peers::operator::{
+        OperatorSession, OutOfBand,
         session::handlers::{
             HandleGrantEvmWalletAccess, HandleListWalletAccess, HandleNewClientApprove,
             HandleRevokeEvmWalletAccess, HandleSdkClientList,
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use arbiter_crypto::authn;
 use arbiter_proto::proto::{
-    shared::ClientInfo as ProtoClientMetadata,
-    user_agent::{
+    operator::{
+        operator_response::Payload as OperatorResponsePayload,
         sdk_client::{
             self as proto_sdk_client, ConnectionCancel as ProtoSdkClientConnectionCancel,
             ConnectionRequest as ProtoSdkClientConnectionRequest,
@@ -24,21 +24,21 @@ use arbiter_proto::proto::{
             request::Payload as SdkClientRequestPayload,
             response::Payload as SdkClientResponsePayload,
         },
-        user_agent_response::Payload as UserAgentResponsePayload,
     },
+    shared::ClientInfo as ProtoClientMetadata,
 };
 
 use kameo::actor::ActorRef;
 use tonic::Status;
 use tracing::{info, warn};
 
-const fn wrap_sdk_client_response(payload: SdkClientResponsePayload) -> UserAgentResponsePayload {
-    UserAgentResponsePayload::SdkClient(proto_sdk_client::Response {
+const fn wrap_sdk_client_response(payload: SdkClientResponsePayload) -> OperatorResponsePayload {
+    OperatorResponsePayload::SdkClient(proto_sdk_client::Response {
         payload: Some(payload),
     })
 }
 
-pub(super) fn out_of_band_payload(oob: OutOfBand) -> UserAgentResponsePayload {
+pub(super) fn out_of_band_payload(oob: OutOfBand) -> OperatorResponsePayload {
     match oob {
         OutOfBand::ClientConnectionRequest { profile } => wrap_sdk_client_response(
             SdkClientResponsePayload::ConnectionRequest(ProtoSdkClientConnectionRequest {
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ pub(super) fn out_of_band_payload(oob: OutOfBand) -> UserAgentResponsePayload {
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn dispatch(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
     req: proto_sdk_client::Request,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     let Some(payload) = req.payload else {
         return Err(Status::invalid_argument(
             "Missing SDK client request payload",
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ pub(super) async fn dispatch(
 }
 
 async fn handle_connection_response(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
     resp: ProtoSdkClientConnectionResponse,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     let pubkey = authn::PublicKey::try_from(resp.pubkey.as_slice())
         .map_err(|()| Status::invalid_argument("Invalid ML-DSA public key"))?;
 
@@ -108,14 +108,14 @@ async fn handle_connection_response(
 }
 
 async fn handle_list(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     let result = match actor.ask(HandleSdkClientList {}).await {
         Ok(clients) => ProtoSdkClientListResult::Clients(ProtoSdkClientList {
             clients: clients
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|(client, metadata)| ProtoSdkClientEntry {
-                    id: client.id,
+                    id: client.id.to_raw(),
                     pubkey: client.public_key.clone(),
                     info: Some(ProtoClientMetadata {
                         name: metadata.name,
@@ -144,9 +144,9 @@ async fn handle_list(
 }
 
 async fn handle_grant_wallet_access(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
     req: ProtoSdkClientGrantWalletAccess,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     let entries: Vec<NewEvmWalletAccess> = req.accesses.into_iter().map(Convert::convert).collect();
     match actor.ask(HandleGrantEvmWalletAccess { entries }).await {
         Ok(()) => {
@@ -161,9 +161,9 @@ async fn handle_grant_wallet_access(
 }
 
 async fn handle_revoke_wallet_access(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
     req: ProtoSdkClientRevokeWalletAccess,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     match actor
         .ask(HandleRevokeEvmWalletAccess {
             entries: req.accesses,
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@ async fn handle_revoke_wallet_access(
 }
 
 async fn handle_list_wallet_access(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
     match actor.ask(HandleListWalletAccess {}).await {
         Ok(accesses) => Ok(Some(wrap_sdk_client_response(
             SdkClientResponsePayload::ListWalletAccess(ListWalletAccessResponse {

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/operator/vault.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+use crate::{
+    actors::vault::VaultState,
+    peers::operator::{
+        OperatorSession,
+        session::handlers::{
+            HandleContributeRecoveryRekeyPassphrase, HandleContributeRekeyPassphrase,
+            HandleQueryVaultState,
+        },
+    },
+};
+use arbiter_proto::{
+    proto::operator::{
+        operator_response::Payload as OperatorResponsePayload,
+        vault::{
+            self as proto_vault,
+            rekey::{self as proto_rekey, RekeyResult as ProtoRekeyResult},
+            request::Payload as VaultRequestPayload,
+            response::Payload as VaultResponsePayload,
+        },
+    },
+    proto::shared::VaultState as ProtoVaultState,
+};
+
+use kameo::actor::ActorRef;
+use tonic::Status;
+use tracing::warn;
+
+const fn wrap_vault_response(payload: VaultResponsePayload) -> OperatorResponsePayload {
+    OperatorResponsePayload::Vault(proto_vault::Response {
+        payload: Some(payload),
+    })
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn dispatch(
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
+    req: proto_vault::Request,
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
+    let Some(payload) = req.payload else {
+        return Err(Status::invalid_argument("Missing vault request payload"));
+    };
+
+    match payload {
+        VaultRequestPayload::QueryState(()) => handle_query_vault_state(actor).await,
+        VaultRequestPayload::Rekey(req) => handle_rekey(actor, req).await,
+        VaultRequestPayload::Unseal(_) | VaultRequestPayload::Bootstrap(_) => {
+            Err(Status::permission_denied(
+                "Vault is already unsealed; unseal/bootstrap not permitted in session",
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+async fn handle_rekey(
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
+    req: proto_rekey::Request,
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
+    use arbiter_proto::proto::operator::vault::rekey::request::Payload as RekeyPayload;
+
+    let payload = req
+        .payload
+        .ok_or_else(|| Status::invalid_argument("Missing rekey payload"))?;
+
+    let done: bool = match payload {
+        RekeyPayload::ContributePassphrase(cp) => actor
+            .ask(HandleContributeRekeyPassphrase {
+                passphrase: cp.passphrase,
+            })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                warn!(?e, "rekey passphrase contribution failed");
+                Status::internal("Rekey contribution failed")
+            })?,
+        RekeyPayload::ContributeRecoveryPassphrase(crp) => actor
+            .ask(HandleContributeRecoveryRekeyPassphrase {
+                recovery_operator_id: crp.recovery_operator_id,
+                passphrase: crp.passphrase,
+            })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                warn!(?e, "rekey recovery passphrase contribution failed");
+                Status::internal("Rekey recovery contribution failed")
+            })?,
+    };
+
+    let proto_result = if done {
+        ProtoRekeyResult::Success
+    } else {
+        ProtoRekeyResult::AwaitingContributions
+    };
+
+    Ok(Some(wrap_vault_response(VaultResponsePayload::Rekey(
+        proto_rekey::Response {
+            result: proto_result.into(),
+        },
+    ))))
+}
+
+async fn handle_query_vault_state(
+    actor: &ActorRef<OperatorSession>,
+) -> Result<Option<OperatorResponsePayload>, Status> {
+    let state = match actor.ask(HandleQueryVaultState {}).await {
+        Ok(VaultState::Unbootstrapped) => ProtoVaultState::Unbootstrapped,
+        Ok(VaultState::Sealed) => ProtoVaultState::Sealed,
+        Ok(VaultState::Unsealed) => ProtoVaultState::Unsealed,
+        Err(err) => {
+            warn!(error = ?err, "Failed to query vault state");
+            ProtoVaultState::Error
+        }
+    };
+    Ok(Some(wrap_vault_response(VaultResponsePayload::State(
+        state.into(),
+    ))))
+}

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/operator/vault_gate.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use super::auth::AuthTransportAdapter;
 use crate::{
     grpc::TryConvert,
-    peers::user_agent::vault_gate::{self as vault_gate},
+    peers::operator::vault_gate::{self as vault_gate},
 };
 use arbiter_proto::transport::{Bi, Error as TransportError, Receiver, Sender};
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ impl Receiver<vault_gate::Inbound> for AuthTransportAdapter<'_> {
             Err(error) => {
                 warn!(
                     ?error,
-                    "Failed to receive user agent request during vault gate"
+                    "Failed to receive operator request during vault gate"
                 );
                 return None;
             }

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/operator/vault_gate/inbound.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 use crate::{
     grpc::{Convert, TryConvert},
-    peers::user_agent::vault_gate::{
-        self as vault_gate, HandleBootstrapEncryptedKey, HandleHandshake, HandleUnsealEncryptedKey,
+    peers::operator::vault_gate::{
+        self as vault_gate, HandleBootstrapEncryptedKey, HandleContributeBootstrapPassphrase,
+        HandleContributeRecoveryBootstrapPassphrase, HandleContributeRecoveryUnsealPassphrase,
+        HandleContributeUnsealPassphrase, HandleDeclareCommittee, HandleHandshake,
+        HandleUnsealEncryptedKey,
     },
 };
-use arbiter_proto::proto::user_agent::{
-    user_agent_request::Payload as UserAgentRequestPayload,
+use arbiter_proto::proto::operator::{
+    operator_request::Payload as OperatorRequestPayload,
     vault::{
         self as proto_vault,
-        bootstrap::{self as proto_bootstrap},
+        bootstrap::{self as proto_bootstrap, request::Payload as BootstrapRequestPayload},
         request::Payload as VaultRequestPayload,
         unseal::{self as proto_unseal, request::Payload as UnsealRequestPayload},
     },
@@ -16,7 +19,7 @@ use arbiter_proto::proto::user_agent::{
 
 use tonic::Status;
 
-impl TryConvert for UserAgentRequestPayload {
+impl TryConvert for OperatorRequestPayload {
     type Output = vault_gate::Inbound;
     type Error = Status;
 
@@ -50,6 +53,9 @@ impl TryConvert for VaultRequestPayload {
             Self::QueryState(()) => Ok(vault_gate::Inbound::HandleVaultState),
             Self::Unseal(req) => req.try_convert(),
             Self::Bootstrap(req) => req.try_convert(),
+            Self::Rekey(_) => Err(Status::permission_denied(
+                "Rekey requires an authenticated session",
+            )),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -73,6 +79,21 @@ impl TryConvert for UnsealRequestPayload {
         match self {
             Self::Start(start) => start.try_convert(),
             Self::EncryptedKey(key) => Ok(key.convert()),
+            Self::ContributePassphrase(cp) => Ok(
+                vault_gate::Inbound::HandleContributeUnsealPassphrase(
+                    HandleContributeUnsealPassphrase {
+                        passphrase: cp.passphrase,
+                    },
+                ),
+            ),
+            Self::ContributeRecoveryPassphrase(crp) => Ok(
+                vault_gate::Inbound::HandleContributeRecoveryUnsealPassphrase(
+                    HandleContributeRecoveryUnsealPassphrase {
+                        recovery_operator_id: crp.recovery_operator_id,
+                        passphrase: crp.passphrase,
+                    },
+                ),
+            ),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -107,12 +128,44 @@ impl TryConvert for proto_bootstrap::Request {
     type Error = Status;
 
     fn try_convert(self) -> Result<vault_gate::Inbound, Status> {
-        self.encrypted_key
-            .ok_or_else(|| Status::invalid_argument("Missing bootstrap encrypted key"))?
+        self.payload
+            .ok_or_else(|| Status::invalid_argument("Missing bootstrap payload"))?
             .try_convert()
     }
 }
 
+impl TryConvert for BootstrapRequestPayload {
+    type Output = vault_gate::Inbound;
+    type Error = Status;
+
+    fn try_convert(self) -> Result<vault_gate::Inbound, Status> {
+        match self {
+            Self::EncryptedKey(key) => key.try_convert(),
+            Self::DeclareCommittee(dc) => Ok(
+                vault_gate::Inbound::HandleDeclareCommittee(HandleDeclareCommittee {
+                    count: dc.count as usize,
+                    recovery_count: dc.recovery_count as usize,
+                }),
+            ),
+            Self::ContributePassphrase(cp) => Ok(
+                vault_gate::Inbound::HandleContributeBootstrapPassphrase(
+                    HandleContributeBootstrapPassphrase {
+                        passphrase: cp.passphrase,
+                    },
+                ),
+            ),
+            Self::ContributeRecoveryPassphrase(crp) => Ok(
+                vault_gate::Inbound::HandleContributeRecoveryBootstrapPassphrase(
+                    HandleContributeRecoveryBootstrapPassphrase {
+                        recovery_operator_id: crp.recovery_operator_id,
+                        passphrase: crp.passphrase,
+                    },
+                ),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl TryConvert for proto_bootstrap::BootstrapEncryptedKey {
     type Output = vault_gate::Inbound;
     type Error = Status;

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/operator/vault_gate/outbound.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+use crate::{
+    actors::vault::VaultState,
+    grpc::{Convert, TryConvert},
+    peers::operator::vault_gate::{self as vault_gate},
+};
+use arbiter_proto::proto::{
+    operator::{
+        operator_response::Payload as OperatorResponsePayload,
+        vault::{
+            self as proto_vault,
+            bootstrap::{self as proto_bootstrap, BootstrapResult as ProtoBootstrapResult},
+            response::Payload as VaultResponsePayload,
+            unseal::{
+                self as proto_unseal, UnsealResult as ProtoUnsealResult,
+                response::Payload as UnsealResponsePayload,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    shared::VaultState as ProtoVaultState,
+};
+
+use tonic::Status;
+use tracing::warn;
+
+const fn wrap_vault_response(payload: VaultResponsePayload) -> OperatorResponsePayload {
+    OperatorResponsePayload::Vault(proto_vault::Response {
+        payload: Some(payload),
+    })
+}
+
+const fn wrap_unseal_response(payload: UnsealResponsePayload) -> OperatorResponsePayload {
+    wrap_vault_response(VaultResponsePayload::Unseal(proto_unseal::Response {
+        payload: Some(payload),
+    }))
+}
+
+fn wrap_bootstrap_response(result: ProtoBootstrapResult) -> OperatorResponsePayload {
+    wrap_vault_response(VaultResponsePayload::Bootstrap(proto_bootstrap::Response {
+        result: result.into(),
+    }))
+}
+
+impl Convert for VaultState {
+    type Output = OperatorResponsePayload;
+
+    fn convert(self) -> OperatorResponsePayload {
+        let proto_state = match self {
+            Self::Unbootstrapped => ProtoVaultState::Unbootstrapped,
+            Self::Sealed => ProtoVaultState::Sealed,
+            Self::Unsealed => ProtoVaultState::Unsealed,
+        };
+        wrap_vault_response(VaultResponsePayload::State(proto_state.into()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Convert for vault_gate::HandshakeResponse {
+    type Output = OperatorResponsePayload;
+
+    fn convert(self) -> OperatorResponsePayload {
+        wrap_unseal_response(UnsealResponsePayload::Start(
+            proto_unseal::UnsealStartResponse {
+                server_pubkey: self.server_pubkey.as_bytes().to_vec(),
+            },
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryConvert for vault_gate::Outbound {
+    type Output = OperatorResponsePayload;
+    type Error = Status;
+
+    fn try_convert(self) -> Result<OperatorResponsePayload, Status> {
+        match self {
+            Self::HandleVaultState(result) => result
+                .map_err(|err| {
+                    warn!(?err, "vault state query failed");
+                    Status::internal("Failed to query vault state")
+                })
+                .map(VaultState::convert),
+            Self::HandleHandshake(result) => result
+                .map_err(|err| {
+                    warn!(?err, "handshake failed");
+                    Status::internal("Failed to start unseal flow")
+                })
+                .map(vault_gate::HandshakeResponse::convert),
+            Self::HandleUnsealEncryptedKey(result) => {
+                let proto_result = match result {
+                    Ok(()) => ProtoUnsealResult::Success,
+                    Err(vault_gate::Error::InvalidKey) => ProtoUnsealResult::InvalidKey,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        warn!(?err, "unseal failed");
+                        return Err(Status::internal("Failed to unseal vault"));
+                    }
+                };
+                Ok(wrap_unseal_response(UnsealResponsePayload::Result(
+                    proto_result.into(),
+                )))
+            }
+            Self::HandleBootstrapEncryptedKey(result) => {
+                let proto_result = match result {
+                    Ok(()) => ProtoBootstrapResult::Success,
+                    Err(vault_gate::Error::InvalidKey) => ProtoBootstrapResult::InvalidKey,
+                    Err(vault_gate::Error::AlreadyBootstrapped) => {
+                        ProtoBootstrapResult::AlreadyBootstrapped
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        warn!(?err, "bootstrap failed");
+                        return Err(Status::internal("Failed to bootstrap vault"));
+                    }
+                };
+                Ok(wrap_bootstrap_response(proto_result))
+            }
+            Self::HandleDeclareCommittee(result) => {
+                let proto_result = match result {
+                    Ok(()) => ProtoBootstrapResult::Success,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        warn!(?err, "declare committee failed");
+                        return Err(Status::internal("Failed to declare committee"));
+                    }
+                };
+                Ok(wrap_bootstrap_response(proto_result))
+            }
+            Self::HandleContributeBootstrapPassphrase(result) => {
+                let proto_result = match result {
+                    Ok(true) => ProtoBootstrapResult::Success,
+                    Ok(false) => ProtoBootstrapResult::AwaitingContributions,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        warn!(?err, "contribute bootstrap passphrase failed");
+                        return Err(Status::internal("Failed to contribute bootstrap passphrase"));
+                    }
+                };
+                Ok(wrap_bootstrap_response(proto_result))
+            }
+            Self::HandleContributeRecoveryBootstrapPassphrase(result) => {
+                let proto_result = match result {
+                    Ok(true) => ProtoBootstrapResult::Success,
+                    Ok(false) => ProtoBootstrapResult::AwaitingContributions,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        warn!(?err, "contribute recovery bootstrap passphrase failed");
+                        return Err(Status::internal(
+                            "Failed to contribute recovery bootstrap passphrase",
+                        ));
+                    }
+                };
+                Ok(wrap_bootstrap_response(proto_result))
+            }
+            Self::HandleContributeUnsealPassphrase(result) => {
+                let proto_result = match result {
+                    Ok(true) => ProtoUnsealResult::Success,
+                    Ok(false) => ProtoUnsealResult::AwaitingContributions,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        warn!(?err, "contribute unseal passphrase failed");
+                        return Err(Status::internal("Failed to contribute unseal passphrase"));
+                    }
+                };
+                Ok(wrap_unseal_response(UnsealResponsePayload::Result(
+                    proto_result.into(),
+                )))
+            }
+            Self::HandleContributeRecoveryUnsealPassphrase(result) => {
+                let proto_result = match result {
+                    Ok(true) => ProtoUnsealResult::Success,
+                    Ok(false) => ProtoUnsealResult::AwaitingContributions,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        warn!(?err, "contribute recovery unseal passphrase failed");
+                        return Err(Status::internal(
+                            "Failed to contribute recovery unseal passphrase",
+                        ));
+                    }
+                };
+                Ok(wrap_unseal_response(UnsealResponsePayload::Result(
+                    proto_result.into(),
+                )))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/user_agent/vault.rs

@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    actors::vault::VaultState,
-    peers::user_agent::{UserAgentSession, session::handlers::HandleQueryVaultState},
-};
-use arbiter_proto::{
-    proto::shared::VaultState as ProtoVaultState,
-    proto::user_agent::{
-        user_agent_response::Payload as UserAgentResponsePayload,
-        vault::{
-            self as proto_vault, request::Payload as VaultRequestPayload,
-            response::Payload as VaultResponsePayload,
-        },
-    },
-};
-
-use kameo::actor::ActorRef;
-use tonic::Status;
-use tracing::warn;
-
-const fn wrap_vault_response(payload: VaultResponsePayload) -> UserAgentResponsePayload {
-    UserAgentResponsePayload::Vault(proto_vault::Response {
-        payload: Some(payload),
-    })
-}
-
-pub(super) async fn dispatch(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
-    req: proto_vault::Request,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
-    let Some(payload) = req.payload else {
-        return Err(Status::invalid_argument("Missing vault request payload"));
-    };
-
-    match payload {
-        VaultRequestPayload::QueryState(()) => handle_query_vault_state(actor).await,
-        VaultRequestPayload::Unseal(_) | VaultRequestPayload::Bootstrap(_) => {
-            Err(Status::permission_denied(
-                "Vault is already unsealed; unseal/bootstrap not permitted in session",
-            ))
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-async fn handle_query_vault_state(
-    actor: &ActorRef<UserAgentSession>,
-) -> Result<Option<UserAgentResponsePayload>, Status> {
-    let state = match actor.ask(HandleQueryVaultState {}).await {
-        Ok(VaultState::Unbootstrapped) => ProtoVaultState::Unbootstrapped,
-        Ok(VaultState::Sealed) => ProtoVaultState::Sealed,
-        Ok(VaultState::Unsealed) => ProtoVaultState::Unsealed,
-        Err(err) => {
-            warn!(error = ?err, "Failed to query vault state");
-            ProtoVaultState::Error
-        }
-    };
-    Ok(Some(wrap_vault_response(VaultResponsePayload::State(
-        state.into(),
-    ))))
-}

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/grpc/user_agent/vault_gate/outbound.rs

@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    actors::vault::VaultState,
-    grpc::{Convert, TryConvert},
-    peers::user_agent::vault_gate::{self as vault_gate},
-};
-use arbiter_proto::proto::{
-    shared::VaultState as ProtoVaultState,
-    user_agent::{
-        user_agent_response::Payload as UserAgentResponsePayload,
-        vault::{
-            self as proto_vault,
-            bootstrap::{self as proto_bootstrap, BootstrapResult as ProtoBootstrapResult},
-            response::Payload as VaultResponsePayload,
-            unseal::{
-                self as proto_unseal, UnsealResult as ProtoUnsealResult,
-                response::Payload as UnsealResponsePayload,
-            },
-        },
-    },
-};
-
-use tonic::Status;
-use tracing::warn;
-
-const fn wrap_vault_response(payload: VaultResponsePayload) -> UserAgentResponsePayload {
-    UserAgentResponsePayload::Vault(proto_vault::Response {
-        payload: Some(payload),
-    })
-}
-
-const fn wrap_unseal_response(payload: UnsealResponsePayload) -> UserAgentResponsePayload {
-    wrap_vault_response(VaultResponsePayload::Unseal(proto_unseal::Response {
-        payload: Some(payload),
-    }))
-}
-
-fn wrap_bootstrap_response(result: ProtoBootstrapResult) -> UserAgentResponsePayload {
-    wrap_vault_response(VaultResponsePayload::Bootstrap(proto_bootstrap::Response {
-        result: result.into(),
-    }))
-}
-
-impl Convert for VaultState {
-    type Output = UserAgentResponsePayload;
-
-    fn convert(self) -> UserAgentResponsePayload {
-        let proto_state = match self {
-            Self::Unbootstrapped => ProtoVaultState::Unbootstrapped,
-            Self::Sealed => ProtoVaultState::Sealed,
-            Self::Unsealed => ProtoVaultState::Unsealed,
-        };
-        wrap_vault_response(VaultResponsePayload::State(proto_state.into()))
-    }
-}
-
-impl Convert for vault_gate::HandshakeResponse {
-    type Output = UserAgentResponsePayload;
-
-    fn convert(self) -> UserAgentResponsePayload {
-        wrap_unseal_response(UnsealResponsePayload::Start(
-            proto_unseal::UnsealStartResponse {
-                server_pubkey: self.server_pubkey.as_bytes().to_vec(),
-            },
-        ))
-    }
-}
-
-impl TryConvert for vault_gate::Outbound {
-    type Output = UserAgentResponsePayload;
-    type Error = Status;
-
-    fn try_convert(self) -> Result<UserAgentResponsePayload, Status> {
-        match self {
-            Self::HandleVaultState(result) => result
-                .map_err(|err| {
-                    warn!(?err, "vault state query failed");
-                    Status::internal("Failed to query vault state")
-                })
-                .map(VaultState::convert),
-            Self::HandleHandshake(result) => result
-                .map_err(|err| {
-                    warn!(?err, "handshake failed");
-                    Status::internal("Failed to start unseal flow")
-                })
-                .map(vault_gate::HandshakeResponse::convert),
-            Self::HandleUnsealEncryptedKey(result) => {
-                let proto_result = match result {
-                    Ok(()) => ProtoUnsealResult::Success,
-                    Err(vault_gate::Error::InvalidKey) => ProtoUnsealResult::InvalidKey,
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        warn!(?err, "unseal failed");
-                        return Err(Status::internal("Failed to unseal vault"));
-                    }
-                };
-                Ok(wrap_unseal_response(UnsealResponsePayload::Result(
-                    proto_result.into(),
-                )))
-            }
-            Self::HandleBootstrapEncryptedKey(result) => {
-                let proto_result = match result {
-                    Ok(()) => ProtoBootstrapResult::Success,
-                    Err(vault_gate::Error::InvalidKey) => ProtoBootstrapResult::InvalidKey,
-                    Err(vault_gate::Error::AlreadyBootstrapped) => {
-                        ProtoBootstrapResult::AlreadyBootstrapped
-                    }
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        warn!(?err, "bootstrap failed");
-                        return Err(Status::internal("Failed to bootstrap vault"));
-                    }
-                };
-                Ok(wrap_bootstrap_response(proto_result))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/peers/client/auth.rs

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl From<diesel::result::Error> for Error {
 pub enum ApproveError {
     #[error("Internal error")]
     Internal,
-    #[error("Client connection denied by user agents")]
+    #[error("Client connection denied by operators")]
     Denied,
     #[error("Upstream error: {0}")]
     Upstream(flow_coordinator::ApprovalError),
@@ -171,46 +171,42 @@ async fn insert_client(
         Error::DatabasePoolUnavailable
     })?;
 
-    conn.exclusive_transaction(|conn| {
-        let vault = vault.clone();
-        let pubkey = pubkey.clone();
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let metadata_id = insert_into(client_metadata::table)
-                .values((
-                    client_metadata::name.eq(&metadata.name),
-                    client_metadata::description.eq(&metadata.description),
-                    client_metadata::version.eq(&metadata.version),
-                ))
-                .returning(client_metadata::id)
-                .get_result::<i32>(conn)
-                .await?;
+    conn.exclusive_transaction(async |conn| {
+        let metadata_id = insert_into(client_metadata::table)
+            .values((
+                client_metadata::name.eq(&metadata.name),
+                client_metadata::description.eq(&metadata.description),
+                client_metadata::version.eq(&metadata.version),
+            ))
+            .returning(client_metadata::id)
+            .get_result::<i32>(&mut *conn)
+            .await?;
 
-            let client_id = insert_into(program_client::table)
-                .values((
-                    program_client::public_key.eq(pubkey.to_bytes()),
-                    program_client::metadata_id.eq(metadata_id),
-                ))
-                .on_conflict_do_nothing()
-                .returning(program_client::id)
-                .get_result::<i32>(conn)
-                .await?;
+        let client_id = insert_into(program_client::table)
+            .values((
+                program_client::public_key.eq(pubkey.to_bytes()),
+                program_client::metadata_id.eq(metadata_id),
+            ))
+            .on_conflict_do_nothing()
+            .returning(program_client::id)
+            .get_result::<i32>(&mut *conn)
+            .await?;
 
-            integrity::sign_entity(
-                conn,
-                &vault,
-                &ClientCredentials {
-                    pubkey: pubkey.clone(),
-                },
-                client_id,
-            )
-            .await
-            .map_err(|e| {
-                error!(error = ?e, "Failed to sign integrity tag for new client key");
-                Error::DatabaseOperationFailed
-            })?;
+        integrity::sign_entity(
+            &mut *conn,
+            vault,
+            &ClientCredentials {
+                pubkey: pubkey.clone(),
+            },
+            client_id,
+        )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| {
+            error!(error = ?e, "Failed to sign integrity tag for new client key");
+            Error::DatabaseOperationFailed
+        })?;
 
-            Ok(client_id)
-        })
+        Ok(client_id)
     })
     .await
 }
@@ -229,55 +225,51 @@ async fn sync_client_metadata(
         Error::DatabasePoolUnavailable
     })?;
 
-    conn.exclusive_transaction(|conn| {
-        let metadata = metadata.clone();
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let (current_metadata_id, current): (i32, ProgramClientMetadata) =
-                program_client::table
-                    .find(client_id)
-                    .inner_join(client_metadata::table)
-                    .select((
-                        program_client::metadata_id,
-                        ProgramClientMetadata::as_select(),
-                    ))
-                    .first(conn)
-                    .await?;
+    conn.exclusive_transaction(async |conn| {
+        let (current_metadata_id, current): (i32, ProgramClientMetadata) = program_client::table
+            .find(client_id)
+            .inner_join(client_metadata::table)
+            .select((
+                program_client::metadata_id,
+                ProgramClientMetadata::as_select(),
+            ))
+            .first(&mut *conn)
+            .await?;
 
-            let unchanged = current.name == metadata.name
-                && current.description == metadata.description
-                && current.version == metadata.version;
-            if unchanged {
-                return Ok(());
-            }
+        let unchanged = current.name == metadata.name
+            && current.description == metadata.description
+            && current.version == metadata.version;
+        if unchanged {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
 
-            insert_into(client_metadata_history::table)
-                .values((
-                    client_metadata_history::metadata_id.eq(current_metadata_id),
-                    client_metadata_history::client_id.eq(client_id),
-                ))
-                .execute(conn)
-                .await?;
+        insert_into(client_metadata_history::table)
+            .values((
+                client_metadata_history::metadata_id.eq(current_metadata_id),
+                client_metadata_history::client_id.eq(client_id),
+            ))
+            .execute(&mut *conn)
+            .await?;
 
-            let metadata_id = insert_into(client_metadata::table)
-                .values((
-                    client_metadata::name.eq(&metadata.name),
-                    client_metadata::description.eq(&metadata.description),
-                    client_metadata::version.eq(&metadata.version),
-                ))
-                .returning(client_metadata::id)
-                .get_result::<i32>(conn)
-                .await?;
+        let metadata_id = insert_into(client_metadata::table)
+            .values((
+                client_metadata::name.eq(&metadata.name),
+                client_metadata::description.eq(&metadata.description),
+                client_metadata::version.eq(&metadata.version),
+            ))
+            .returning(client_metadata::id)
+            .get_result::<i32>(&mut *conn)
+            .await?;
 
-            update(program_client::table.find(client_id))
-                .set((
-                    program_client::metadata_id.eq(metadata_id),
-                    program_client::updated_at.eq(now),
-                ))
-                .execute(conn)
-                .await?;
+        update(program_client::table.find(client_id))
+            .set((
+                program_client::metadata_id.eq(metadata_id),
+                program_client::updated_at.eq(now),
+            ))
+            .execute(&mut *conn)
+            .await?;
 
-            Ok::<(), diesel::result::Error>(())
-        })
+        Ok::<(), diesel::result::Error>(())
     })
     .await
     .map_err(|e| {
@@ -306,7 +298,7 @@ where
 
     let signature = expect_message(transport, |req: Inbound| match req {
         Inbound::AuthChallengeSolution { signature } => Some(signature),
-        _ => None,
+        Inbound::AuthChallengeRequest { .. } => None,
     })
     .await
     .map_err(|e| {

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/peers/mod.rs

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 pub mod client;
-pub mod user_agent;
+pub mod operator;

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/peers/operator/auth/mod.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::{Credentials, UserAgentConnection};
+use super::{Credentials, OperatorConnection};
 use arbiter_crypto::authn::{self, AuthChallenge};
 use arbiter_proto::transport::Bi;
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn parse_auth_event(payload: Inbound) -> AuthEvents {
 }
 
 pub async fn authenticate<T>(
-    props: &mut UserAgentConnection,
+    props: &mut OperatorConnection,
     transport: &mut T,
 ) -> Result<Credentials, Error>
 where

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/peers/operator/auth/state.rs

@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@
 use super::{
-    super::{Credentials, UserAgentConnection},
+    super::{Credentials, OperatorConnection},
     Error,
 };
 use crate::{
     actors::bootstrap::ConsumeToken,
-    db::{DatabasePool, schema::useragent_client},
-    peers::user_agent::auth::Outbound,
+    db::{DatabasePool, schema::operator_identity},
+    peers::operator::auth::Outbound,
 };
-use arbiter_crypto::authn::{self, AuthChallenge, USERAGENT_CONTEXT};
+use arbiter_crypto::authn::{self, AuthChallenge, OPERATOR_CONTEXT};
 use arbiter_proto::transport::Bi;
 
 use diesel::{ExpressionMethods as _, OptionalExtension as _, QueryDsl};
 use diesel_async::RunQueryDsl;
 use tracing::error;
 
-pub(super) struct ChallengeRequest {
-    pub(super) pubkey: authn::PublicKey,
-    pub(super) bootstrap_token: Option<String>,
+pub(crate) struct ChallengeRequest {
+    pub(crate) pubkey: authn::PublicKey,
+    pub(crate) bootstrap_token: Option<String>,
 }
 
-pub(super) struct ChallengeContext {
-    pub(super) challenge: AuthChallenge,
-    pub(super) pubkey: authn::PublicKey,
-    pub(super) bootstrap_token: Option<String>,
+pub struct ChallengeContext {
+    pub challenge: AuthChallenge,
+    pub pubkey: authn::PublicKey,
+    pub bootstrap_token: Option<String>,
 }
 
-pub(super) struct ChallengeSolution {
-    pub(super) solution: Vec<u8>,
+pub(crate) struct ChallengeSolution {
+    pub(crate) solution: Vec<u8>,
 }
 
 smlang::statemachine!(
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ async fn get_client_id(db: &DatabasePool, pubkey: &authn::PublicKey) -> Result<O
         Error::internal("Database unavailable")
     })?;
 
-    useragent_client::table
-        .filter(useragent_client::public_key.eq(pubkey.to_bytes()))
-        .select(useragent_client::id)
+    operator_identity::table
+        .filter(operator_identity::public_key.eq(pubkey.to_bytes()))
+        .select(operator_identity::id)
         .first::<i32>(&mut conn)
         .await
         .optional()
@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ async fn register_key(db: &DatabasePool, pubkey: &authn::PublicKey) -> Result<i3
         Error::internal("Database unavailable")
     })?;
 
-    let id: i32 = diesel::insert_into(useragent_client::table)
-        .values((useragent_client::public_key.eq(pubkey_bytes),))
-        .returning(useragent_client::id)
+    let id: i32 = diesel::insert_into(operator_identity::table)
+        .values((operator_identity::public_key.eq(pubkey_bytes),))
+        .returning(operator_identity::id)
         .get_result(&mut conn)
         .await
         .map_err(|e| {
@@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ async fn register_key(db: &DatabasePool, pubkey: &authn::PublicKey) -> Result<i3
 }
 
 pub(super) struct AuthContext<'a, T: ?Sized> {
-    pub(super) conn: &'a mut UserAgentConnection,
+    pub(super) conn: &'a mut OperatorConnection,
     pub(super) transport: &'a mut T,
 }
 
 impl<'a, T: ?Sized> AuthContext<'a, T> {
-    pub(super) const fn new(conn: &'a mut UserAgentConnection, transport: &'a mut T) -> Self {
+    pub(super) const fn new(conn: &'a mut OperatorConnection, transport: &'a mut T) -> Self {
         Self { conn, transport }
     }
 }
@@ -127,8 +127,6 @@ where
         })
     }
 
-    #[allow(missing_docs)]
-    #[allow(clippy::unused_unit)]
     async fn verify_solution(
         &mut self,
         ChallengeContext {
@@ -143,7 +141,7 @@ where
             Error::InvalidChallengeSolution
         })?;
 
-        let valid = pubkey.verify(challenge, USERAGENT_CONTEXT, &signature);
+        let valid = pubkey.verify(challenge, OPERATOR_CONTEXT, &signature);
 
         if !valid {
             self.transport

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/peers/operator/mod.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tracing::{error, warn};
 
 pub use auth::authenticate;
-pub use session::UserAgentSession;
+pub use session::OperatorSession;
 
 pub mod auth;
 pub mod session;
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ pub struct Credentials {
 }
 
 impl Integrable for Credentials {
-    const KIND: &'static str = "useragent_credentials";
+    const KIND: &'static str = "operator_credentials";
 }
 
-// Messages, sent by user agent to connection client without having a request
+// Messages, sent by operator to connection client without having a request
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum OutOfBand {
     ClientConnectionRequest { profile: ClientProfile },
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ pub enum OutOfBand {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct UserAgentConnection {
+pub struct OperatorConnection {
     pub(crate) db: DatabasePool,
     pub(crate) actors: GlobalActors,
 }
 
-impl UserAgentConnection {
+impl OperatorConnection {
     pub const fn new(db: DatabasePool, actors: GlobalActors) -> Self {
         Self { db, actors }
     }
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ async fn should_run_gate(vault: &ActorRef<Vault>) -> Result<bool, Error> {
 }
 
 async fn run_vault_gate<T>(
-    props: &UserAgentConnection,
+    props: &OperatorConnection,
     transport: &mut T,
     auth_creds: Credentials,
 ) -> Result<(), Error>
@@ -160,10 +160,10 @@ where
 }
 
 pub async fn start<T>(
-    props: &mut UserAgentConnection,
+    props: &mut OperatorConnection,
     mut transport: T,
     oob_sender: Box<dyn Sender<OutOfBand>>,
-) -> Result<ActorRef<UserAgentSession>, Error>
+) -> Result<ActorRef<OperatorSession>, Error>
 where
     T: Bi<auth::Inbound, Result<auth::Outbound, auth::Error>> + Send,
     T: Bi<vault_gate::Inbound, Result<vault_gate::Outbound, vault_gate::Error>> + Send,
@@ -178,8 +178,9 @@ where
     // checking the integrity
     verify_integrity(&props.db, &props.actors.vault, &creds).await?;
 
-    Ok(UserAgentSession::spawn(UserAgentSession::new(
+    Ok(OperatorSession::spawn(OperatorSession::new(
         props.clone(),
+        creds.clone(),
         oob_sender,
     )))
 }

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/peers/operator/session/handlers.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
-use super::{Error, UserAgentSession};
+use super::{Error, OperatorSession};
 use crate::{
-    actors::evm::{
-        ClientSignTransaction, Generate, ListWallets, SignTransactionError as EvmSignError,
-        UseragentCreateGrant, UseragentListGrants,
+    actors::{
+        evm::{
+            ClientSignTransaction, Generate, ListWallets, OperatorCreateGrant, OperatorDeleteGrant,
+            OperatorListGrants, SignTransactionError as EvmSignError,
+        },
+        flow_coordinator::client_connect_approval::ClientApprovalAnswer,
+        vault::VaultState,
+    },
+    db::models::{
+        EvmWalletAccess, EvmWalletId, NewEvmWalletAccess, ProgramClient, ProgramClientMetadata,
     },
-    actors::flow_coordinator::client_connect_approval::ClientApprovalAnswer,
-    actors::vault::VaultState,
-    db::models::{EvmWalletAccess, NewEvmWalletAccess, ProgramClient, ProgramClientMetadata},
     evm::policies::{Grant, SpecificGrant},
 };
 use arbiter_crypto::authn;
@@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ pub enum GrantMutationError {
 }
 
 #[messages]
-impl UserAgentSession {
+impl OperatorSession {
     #[message]
     pub(crate) async fn handle_query_vault_state(&mut self) -> Result<VaultState, Error> {
         use crate::actors::vault::GetState;
@@ -44,7 +48,7 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
         let vault_state = match self.props.actors.vault.ask(GetState {}).await {
             Ok(state) => state,
             Err(err) => {
-                error!(?err, actor = "useragent", "vault.query.failed");
+                error!(?err, actor = "operator", "vault.query.failed");
                 return Err(Error::internal("Vault is in broken state"));
             }
         };
@@ -54,7 +58,7 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
 }
 
 #[messages]
-impl UserAgentSession {
+impl OperatorSession {
     #[message]
     pub(crate) async fn handle_evm_wallet_create(&mut self) -> Result<(i32, Address), Error> {
         match self.props.actors.evm.ask(Generate {}).await {
@@ -70,7 +74,9 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
     }
 
     #[message]
-    pub(crate) async fn handle_evm_wallet_list(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<(i32, Address)>, Error> {
+    pub(crate) async fn handle_evm_wallet_list(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(EvmWalletId, Address)>, Error> {
         match self.props.actors.evm.ask(ListWallets {}).await {
             Ok(wallets) => Ok(wallets),
             Err(err) => {
@@ -82,10 +88,10 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
 }
 
 #[messages]
-impl UserAgentSession {
+impl OperatorSession {
     #[message]
     pub(crate) async fn handle_grant_list(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Grant<SpecificGrant>>, Error> {
-        match self.props.actors.evm.ask(UseragentListGrants {}).await {
+        match self.props.actors.evm.ask(OperatorListGrants {}).await {
             Ok(grants) => Ok(grants),
             Err(err) => {
                 error!(?err, "EVM grant list failed");
@@ -104,7 +110,7 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
             .props
             .actors
             .evm
-            .ask(UseragentCreateGrant { basic, grant })
+            .ask(OperatorCreateGrant { basic, grant })
             .await
         {
             Ok(grant_id) => Ok(grant_id),
@@ -116,22 +122,23 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
     }
 
     #[message]
-    pub(crate) fn handle_grant_delete(&mut self, grant_id: i32) -> Result<(), GrantMutationError> {
-        // match self
-        //     .props
-        //     .actors
-        //     .evm
-        //     .ask(UseragentDeleteGrant { grant_id })
-        //     .await
-        // {
-        //     Ok(()) => Ok(()),
-        //     Err(err) => {
-        //         error!(?err, "EVM grant delete failed");
-        //         Err(GrantMutationError::Internal)
-        //     }
-        // }
-        let _ = grant_id;
-        todo!()
+    pub(crate) async fn handle_grant_delete(
+        &mut self,
+        grant_id: i32,
+    ) -> Result<(), GrantMutationError> {
+        match self
+            .props
+            .actors
+            .evm
+            .ask(OperatorDeleteGrant { grant_id })
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(()) => Ok(()),
+            Err(err) => {
+                error!(?err, "EVM grant delete failed");
+                Err(GrantMutationError::Internal)
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     #[message]
@@ -157,7 +164,7 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
                 Err(SignTransactionError::Vet(vet_error))
             }
             Err(err) => {
-                error!(?err, "EVM sign transaction failed in user-agent session");
+                error!(?err, "EVM sign transaction failed in operator session");
                 Err(SignTransactionError::Internal)
             }
         }
@@ -169,20 +176,18 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
         entries: Vec<NewEvmWalletAccess>,
     ) -> Result<(), Error> {
         let mut conn = self.props.db.get().await?;
-        conn.transaction(|conn| {
-            Box::pin(async move {
-                use crate::db::schema::evm_wallet_access;
+        conn.transaction(async |conn| {
+            use crate::db::schema::evm_wallet_access;
 
-                for entry in entries {
-                    diesel::insert_into(evm_wallet_access::table)
-                        .values(&entry)
-                        .on_conflict_do_nothing()
-                        .execute(conn)
-                        .await?;
-                }
+            for entry in entries {
+                diesel::insert_into(evm_wallet_access::table)
+                    .values(&entry)
+                    .on_conflict_do_nothing()
+                    .execute(&mut *conn)
+                    .await?;
+            }
 
-                Result::<_, Error>::Ok(())
-            })
+            Result::<_, Error>::Ok(())
         })
         .await?;
         Ok(())
@@ -194,18 +199,16 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
         entries: Vec<i32>,
     ) -> Result<(), Error> {
         let mut conn = self.props.db.get().await?;
-        conn.transaction(|conn| {
-            Box::pin(async move {
-                use crate::db::schema::evm_wallet_access;
-                for entry in entries {
-                    diesel::delete(evm_wallet_access::table)
-                        .filter(evm_wallet_access::wallet_id.eq(entry))
-                        .execute(conn)
-                        .await?;
-                }
+        conn.transaction(async |conn| {
+            use crate::db::schema::evm_wallet_access;
+            for entry in entries {
+                diesel::delete(evm_wallet_access::table)
+                    .filter(evm_wallet_access::wallet_id.eq(entry))
+                    .execute(&mut *conn)
+                    .await?;
+            }
 
-                Result::<_, Error>::Ok(())
-            })
+            Result::<_, Error>::Ok(())
         })
         .await?;
         Ok(())
@@ -215,8 +218,8 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
     pub(crate) async fn handle_list_wallet_access(
         &mut self,
     ) -> Result<Vec<EvmWalletAccess>, Error> {
-        let mut conn = self.props.db.get().await?;
         use crate::db::schema::evm_wallet_access;
+        let mut conn = self.props.db.get().await?;
         let access_entries = evm_wallet_access::table
             .select(EvmWalletAccess::as_select())
             .load::<_>(&mut conn)
@@ -226,7 +229,7 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
 }
 
 #[messages]
-impl UserAgentSession {
+impl OperatorSession {
     #[message(ctx)]
     pub(crate) async fn handle_new_client_approve(
         &mut self,
@@ -276,3 +279,102 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
         Ok(clients)
     }
 }
+
+#[messages]
+impl OperatorSession {
+    #[message]
+    pub(crate) async fn handle_create_proposal(
+        &mut self,
+        kind: crate::actors::proposal_manager::ProposalKind,
+        ttl_secs: Option<i64>,
+    ) -> Result<i32, Error> {
+        use crate::actors::proposal_manager::CreateProposal;
+        let initiator_id = self.credentials.id;
+        self.props
+            .actors
+            .proposal_manager
+            .ask(CreateProposal { kind, initiator_id, ttl_secs })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                error!(?e, "create_proposal failed");
+                Error::internal("Failed to create proposal")
+            })
+    }
+
+    #[message]
+    pub(crate) async fn handle_cast_vote(
+        &mut self,
+        proposal_id: i32,
+        approve: bool,
+        signature: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<crate::actors::proposal_manager::VoteOutcome, crate::actors::proposal_manager::Error> {
+        use crate::actors::proposal_manager::CastVote;
+        let operator_id = self.credentials.id;
+        self.props
+            .actors
+            .proposal_manager
+            .ask(CastVote { proposal_id, operator_id, approve, signature })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| match err {
+                SendError::HandlerError(e) => e,
+                _ => crate::actors::proposal_manager::Error::ExecutionFailed("actor unavailable".to_owned()),
+            })
+    }
+
+    #[message]
+    pub(crate) async fn handle_query_pending(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> Vec<crate::actors::proposal_manager::ProposalSummary> {
+        use crate::actors::proposal_manager::QueryPending;
+        let operator_id = self.credentials.id;
+        self.props
+            .actors
+            .proposal_manager
+            .ask(QueryPending { operator_id })
+            .await
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[messages]
+impl OperatorSession {
+    #[message]
+    pub(crate) async fn handle_contribute_rekey_passphrase(
+        &mut self,
+        passphrase: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        use crate::actors::vault_coordinator::ContributeRekey;
+        use arbiter_crypto::safecell::{SafeCell, SafeCellHandle as _};
+
+        let operator_id = self.credentials.id;
+        self.props
+            .actors
+            .vault_coordinator
+            .ask(ContributeRekey {
+                operator_id,
+                passphrase: SafeCell::new(passphrase),
+            })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| Error::internal("VaultCoordinator unavailable"))
+    }
+
+    #[message]
+    pub(crate) async fn handle_contribute_recovery_rekey_passphrase(
+        &mut self,
+        recovery_operator_id: i32,
+        passphrase: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        use crate::actors::vault_coordinator::ContributeRecoveryRekey;
+        use arbiter_crypto::safecell::{SafeCell, SafeCellHandle as _};
+
+        self.props
+            .actors
+            .vault_coordinator
+            .ask(ContributeRecoveryRekey {
+                recovery_operator_id,
+                passphrase: SafeCell::new(passphrase),
+            })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| Error::internal("VaultCoordinator unavailable"))
+    }
+}

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/peers/operator/session/mod.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use super::{OutOfBand, UserAgentConnection};
+use super::{Credentials, OutOfBand, OperatorConnection};
 use crate::{
     actors::{
         flow_coordinator::client_connect_approval::ClientApprovalController,
-        useragent_registry::ConnectUseragent,
+        operator_registry::ConnectOperator,
     },
     peers::client::ClientProfile,
 };
@@ -49,8 +49,9 @@ pub struct PendingClientApproval {
     controller: ActorRef<ClientApprovalController>,
 }
 
-pub struct UserAgentSession {
-    props: UserAgentConnection,
+pub struct OperatorSession {
+    props: OperatorConnection,
+    credentials: Credentials,
     sender: Box<dyn Sender<OutOfBand>>,
 
     pending_client_approvals: HashMap<Vec<u8>, PendingClientApproval>,
@@ -58,18 +59,19 @@ pub struct UserAgentSession {
 
 pub mod handlers;
 
-impl UserAgentSession {
-    pub(crate) fn new(props: UserAgentConnection, sender: Box<dyn Sender<OutOfBand>>) -> Self {
+impl OperatorSession {
+    pub(crate) fn new(props: OperatorConnection, credentials: Credentials, sender: Box<dyn Sender<OutOfBand>>) -> Self {
         Self {
             props,
+            credentials,
             sender,
-            pending_client_approvals: Default::default(),
+            pending_client_approvals: HashMap::default(),
         }
     }
 }
 
 #[messages]
-impl UserAgentSession {
+impl OperatorSession {
     #[message]
     pub async fn begin_new_client_approval(
         &mut self,
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
         {
             error!(
                 ?e,
-                actor = "user_agent",
+                actor = "operator",
                 event = "failed to announce new client connection"
             );
             return;
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ impl UserAgentSession {
     }
 }
 
-impl Actor for UserAgentSession {
+impl Actor for OperatorSession {
     type Args = Self;
 
     type Error = Error;
@@ -109,17 +111,17 @@ impl Actor for UserAgentSession {
     async fn on_start(args: Self::Args, this: ActorRef<Self>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         args.props
             .actors
-            .useragent_registry
-            .ask(ConnectUseragent {
+            .operator_registry
+            .ask(ConnectOperator {
                 actor: this.clone(),
             })
             .await
             .map_err(|err| {
                 error!(
                     ?err,
-                    "Failed to register user agent connection with user agent registry"
+                    "Failed to register operator connection with operator registry"
                 );
-                Error::internal("Failed to register user agent connection with user agent registry")
+                Error::internal("Failed to register operator connection with operator registry")
             })?;
         Ok(args)
     }
@@ -149,7 +151,7 @@ impl Actor for UserAgentSession {
             {
                 error!(
                     ?e,
-                    actor = "user_agent",
+                    actor = "operator",
                     event = "failed to announce client connection cancellation"
                 );
             }

server/crates/arbiter-server/src/peers/operator/vault_gate/mod.rs

@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@ use crate::{
     actors::{
         GlobalActors,
         vault::{self, Bootstrap, GetState, TryUnseal, VaultState, events},
+        vault_coordinator::{
+            ContributeBootstrap, ContributeRecoveryBootstrap, ContributeRecoveryUnseal,
+            ContributeUnseal, StartBootstrap,
+        },
     },
-    crypto::integrity::{self},
+    crypto::{KeyCell, integrity::{self}},
     db::DatabasePool,
 };
 use arbiter_crypto::safecell::{SafeCell, SafeCellHandle as _};
@@ -17,6 +21,9 @@ use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tracing::{error, info};
 use x25519_dalek::{EphemeralSecret, PublicKey, SharedSecret};
 
+pub use VaultGateMessage as Inbound;
+pub use VaultGateMessageReply as Outbound;
+
 pub mod state;
 
 #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
@@ -98,11 +105,9 @@ impl VaultGate {
         nonce: &[u8],
         ciphertext: &[u8],
         associated_data: &[u8],
-    ) -> Result<SafeCell<Vec<u8>>, ()> {
+    ) -> Result<KeyCell, ()> {
         let nonce = XNonce::from_slice(nonce);
-
         let cipher = XChaCha20Poly1305::new(secret.as_bytes().into());
-
         let mut key_buffer = SafeCell::new(ciphertext.to_vec());
 
         let decryption_result = key_buffer.write_inline(|write_handle| {
@@ -110,7 +115,9 @@ impl VaultGate {
         });
 
         match decryption_result {
-            Ok(()) => Ok(key_buffer),
+            Ok(()) => KeyCell::try_from(key_buffer).map_err(|()| {
+                error!("Decrypted key material has unexpected length");
+            }),
             Err(err) => {
                 error!(?err, "Failed to decrypt encrypted key material");
                 Err(())
@@ -119,7 +126,7 @@ impl VaultGate {
     }
 }
 
-#[messages(messages = Inbound, replies = Outbound)]
+#[messages(enum)]
 impl VaultGate {
     #[message]
     pub fn handle_handshake(
@@ -152,17 +159,14 @@ impl VaultGate {
             return Err(Error::State);
         };
 
-        let Ok(seal_key_buffer) = Self::decrypt_key(secret, &nonce, &ciphertext, &associated_data)
-        else {
+        let Ok(seal_key) = Self::decrypt_key(secret, &nonce, &ciphertext, &associated_data) else {
             return Err(Error::InvalidKey);
         };
 
         match self
             .actors
             .vault
-            .ask(TryUnseal {
-                seal_key_raw: seal_key_buffer,
-            })
+            .ask(TryUnseal { seal_key })
             .await
         {
             Ok(()) => {
@@ -192,17 +196,14 @@ impl VaultGate {
             return Err(Error::State);
         };
 
-        let Ok(seal_key_buffer) = Self::decrypt_key(secret, &nonce, &ciphertext, &associated_data)
-        else {
+        let Ok(seal_key) = Self::decrypt_key(secret, &nonce, &ciphertext, &associated_data) else {
             return Err(Error::InvalidKey);
         };
 
         match self
             .actors
             .vault
-            .ask(Bootstrap {
-                seal_key_raw: seal_key_buffer,
-            })
+            .ask(Bootstrap { seal_key })
             .await
         {
             Ok(()) => {
@@ -234,6 +235,89 @@ impl VaultGate {
 
         Ok(answer)
     }
+
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn handle_declare_committee(
+        &mut self,
+        count: usize,
+        recovery_count: usize,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.actors
+            .vault_coordinator
+            .ask(StartBootstrap {
+                operator_id: self.auth_creds.id,
+                declared_count: count,
+                recovery_count,
+            })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| Error::internal("VaultCoordinator unavailable"))
+    }
+
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn handle_contribute_bootstrap_passphrase(
+        &mut self,
+        passphrase: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let passphrase_cell = SafeCell::new(passphrase);
+        self.actors
+            .vault_coordinator
+            .ask(ContributeBootstrap {
+                operator_id: self.auth_creds.id,
+                passphrase: passphrase_cell,
+            })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| Error::internal("VaultCoordinator unavailable"))
+    }
+
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn handle_contribute_recovery_bootstrap_passphrase(
+        &mut self,
+        recovery_operator_id: i32,
+        passphrase: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let passphrase_cell = SafeCell::new(passphrase);
+        self.actors
+            .vault_coordinator
+            .ask(ContributeRecoveryBootstrap {
+                recovery_operator_id,
+                passphrase: passphrase_cell,
+            })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| Error::internal("VaultCoordinator unavailable"))
+    }
+
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn handle_contribute_unseal_passphrase(
+        &mut self,
+        passphrase: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let passphrase_cell = SafeCell::new(passphrase);
+        self.actors
+            .vault_coordinator
+            .ask(ContributeUnseal {
+                operator_id: self.auth_creds.id,
+                passphrase: passphrase_cell,
+            })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| Error::internal("VaultCoordinator unavailable"))
+    }
+
+    #[message]
+    pub async fn handle_contribute_recovery_unseal_passphrase(
+        &mut self,
+        recovery_operator_id: i32,
+        passphrase: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let passphrase_cell = SafeCell::new(passphrase);
+        self.actors
+            .vault_coordinator
+            .ask(ContributeRecoveryUnseal {
+                recovery_operator_id,
+                passphrase: passphrase_cell,
+            })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| Error::internal("VaultCoordinator unavailable"))
+    }
 }
 
 impl Message<events::Bootstrapped> for VaultGate {

server/crates/arbiter-server/tests/client/auth.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 use super::common::ChannelTransport;
-use arbiter_crypto::{
-    authn::{self, AuthChallenge, CLIENT_CONTEXT},
-    safecell::{SafeCell, SafeCellHandle as _},
-};
+use arbiter_crypto::authn::{self, AuthChallenge, CLIENT_CONTEXT};
 use arbiter_proto::{
     ClientMetadata,
     transport::{Receiver, Sender},
@@ -79,28 +76,28 @@ fn sign_client_challenge(key: &SigningKey<MlDsa87>, challenge: &AuthChallenge) -
         .into()
 }
 
-async fn insert_bootstrap_sentinel_useragent(db: &db::DatabasePool) {
+async fn insert_bootstrap_sentinel_operator(db: &db::DatabasePool) {
     let mut conn = db.get().await.unwrap();
     let sentinel_key = verifying_key(&MlDsa87::key_gen(&mut rand::rng()))
         .encode()
         .0
         .to_vec();
 
-    insert_into(schema::useragent_client::table)
-        .values((schema::useragent_client::public_key.eq(sentinel_key),))
+    insert_into(schema::operator_identity::table)
+        .values((schema::operator_identity::public_key.eq(sentinel_key),))
         .execute(&mut conn)
         .await
         .unwrap();
 }
 
 async fn spawn_test_actors(db: &db::DatabasePool) -> GlobalActors {
-    insert_bootstrap_sentinel_useragent(db).await;
+    insert_bootstrap_sentinel_operator(db).await;
 
     let actors = GlobalActors::spawn(db.clone()).await.unwrap();
     actors
         .vault
         .ask(Bootstrap {
-            seal_key_raw: SafeCell::new(b"test-seal-key".to_vec()),
+            seal_key: arbiter_server::crypto::KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]),
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();

server/crates/arbiter-server/tests/common/mod.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
     dead_code,
     reason = "Common test utilities that may not be used in every test"
 )]
-use arbiter_crypto::safecell::{SafeCell, SafeCellHandle as _};
 use arbiter_proto::transport::{Bi, Error, Receiver, Sender};
 use arbiter_server::{
     actors::{GlobalActors, vault::Vault},
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn bootstrapped_vault(db: &db::DatabasePool) -> Vault {
         .await
         .unwrap();
     actor
-        .bootstrap(SafeCell::new(b"test-seal-key".to_vec()))
+        .bootstrap(arbiter_server::crypto::KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]))
         .await
         .unwrap();
     actor

server/crates/arbiter-server/tests/operator.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+mod common;
+
+#[path = "operator/auth.rs"]
+mod auth;
+#[path = "operator/unseal.rs"]
+mod unseal;

server/crates/arbiter-server/tests/operator/auth.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 use super::common::ChannelTransport;
-use arbiter_crypto::{
-    authn::{self, AuthChallenge, USERAGENT_CONTEXT},
-    safecell::{SafeCell, SafeCellHandle as _},
-};
+use arbiter_crypto::authn::{self, AuthChallenge, OPERATOR_CONTEXT};
 use arbiter_proto::transport::{Error as TransportError, Receiver, Sender};
 use arbiter_server::{
     actors::{GlobalActors, bootstrap::GetToken, vault::Bootstrap},
     crypto::integrity,
     db::{self, schema},
-    peers::user_agent::{self, Credentials, UserAgentConnection, auth, vault_gate},
+    peers::operator::{self, Credentials, OperatorConnection, auth, vault_gate},
 };
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
@@ -21,13 +18,13 @@ fn verifying_key(key: &SigningKey<MlDsa87>) -> VerifyingKey<MlDsa87> {
     <SigningKey<MlDsa87> as Keypair>::verifying_key(key)
 }
 
-fn sign_useragent_challenge(
+fn sign_operator_challenge(
     key: &SigningKey<MlDsa87>,
     challenge: &AuthChallenge,
 ) -> authn::Signature {
     let challenge = challenge.format();
     key.signing_key()
-        .sign_deterministic(&challenge, USERAGENT_CONTEXT)
+        .sign_deterministic(&challenge, OPERATOR_CONTEXT)
         .unwrap()
         .into()
 }
@@ -41,8 +38,8 @@ fn tamper_challenge(challenge: &AuthChallenge) -> AuthChallenge {
 struct NullOobSender;
 
 #[async_trait]
-impl Sender<user_agent::OutOfBand> for NullOobSender {
-    async fn send(&mut self, _item: user_agent::OutOfBand) -> Result<(), TransportError> {
+impl Sender<operator::OutOfBand> for NullOobSender {
+    async fn send(&mut self, _item: operator::OutOfBand) -> Result<(), TransportError> {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
@@ -157,7 +154,7 @@ pub async fn bootstrap_token_auth() {
     actors
         .vault
         .ask(Bootstrap {
-            seal_key_raw: SafeCell::new(b"test-seal-key".to_vec()),
+            seal_key: arbiter_server::crypto::KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]),
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -166,7 +163,7 @@ pub async fn bootstrap_token_auth() {
     let (mut server_transport, mut test_transport) = ChannelTransport::new();
     let db_for_task = db.clone();
     let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
-        let mut props = UserAgentConnection::new(db_for_task, actors);
+        let mut props = OperatorConnection::new(db_for_task, actors);
         auth::authenticate(&mut props, &mut server_transport).await
     });
 
@@ -188,7 +185,7 @@ pub async fn bootstrap_token_auth() {
         other => panic!("Expected AuthChallenge, got {other:?}"),
     };
 
-    let signature = sign_useragent_challenge(&new_key, &challenge);
+    let signature = sign_operator_challenge(&new_key, &challenge);
 
     test_transport
         .send(auth::Inbound::AuthChallengeSolution {
@@ -206,8 +203,8 @@ pub async fn bootstrap_token_auth() {
     task.await.unwrap().unwrap();
 
     let mut conn = db.get().await.unwrap();
-    let stored_pubkey: Vec<u8> = schema::useragent_client::table
-        .select(schema::useragent_client::public_key)
+    let stored_pubkey: Vec<u8> = schema::operator_identity::table
+        .select(schema::operator_identity::public_key)
         .first::<Vec<u8>>(&mut conn)
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -223,7 +220,7 @@ pub async fn bootstrap_invalid_token_auth() {
     let (mut server_transport, mut test_transport) = ChannelTransport::new();
     let db_for_task = db.clone();
     let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
-        let mut props = UserAgentConnection::new(db_for_task, actors);
+        let mut props = OperatorConnection::new(db_for_task, actors);
         auth::authenticate(&mut props, &mut server_transport).await
     });
 
@@ -245,7 +242,7 @@ pub async fn bootstrap_invalid_token_auth() {
         other => panic!("Expected AuthChallenge, got {other:?}"),
     };
 
-    let signature = sign_useragent_challenge(&new_key, &challenge);
+    let signature = sign_operator_challenge(&new_key, &challenge);
     test_transport
         .send(auth::Inbound::AuthChallengeSolution {
             signature: signature.to_bytes(),
@@ -259,7 +256,7 @@ pub async fn bootstrap_invalid_token_auth() {
     ));
 
     let mut conn = db.get().await.unwrap();
-    let count: i64 = schema::useragent_client::table
+    let count: i64 = schema::operator_identity::table
         .count()
         .get_result::<i64>(&mut conn)
         .await
@@ -275,7 +272,7 @@ pub async fn challenge_auth() {
     actors
         .vault
         .ask(Bootstrap {
-            seal_key_raw: SafeCell::new(b"test-seal-key".to_vec()),
+            seal_key: arbiter_server::crypto::KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]),
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -285,9 +282,9 @@ pub async fn challenge_auth() {
 
     {
         let mut conn = db.get().await.unwrap();
-        let id: i32 = insert_into(schema::useragent_client::table)
-            .values((schema::useragent_client::public_key.eq(pubkey_bytes.clone()),))
-            .returning(schema::useragent_client::id)
+        let id: i32 = insert_into(schema::operator_identity::table)
+            .values((schema::operator_identity::public_key.eq(pubkey_bytes.clone()),))
+            .returning(schema::operator_identity::id)
             .get_result(&mut conn)
             .await
             .unwrap();
@@ -307,7 +304,7 @@ pub async fn challenge_auth() {
     let (mut server_transport, mut test_transport) = ChannelTransport::new();
     let db_for_task = db.clone();
     let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
-        let mut props = UserAgentConnection::new(db_for_task, actors);
+        let mut props = OperatorConnection::new(db_for_task, actors);
         auth::authenticate(&mut props, &mut server_transport).await
     });
 
@@ -331,7 +328,7 @@ pub async fn challenge_auth() {
         Err(err) => panic!("Expected Ok response, got Err({err:?})"),
     };
 
-    let signature = sign_useragent_challenge(&new_key, &challenge);
+    let signature = sign_operator_challenge(&new_key, &challenge);
 
     test_transport
         .send(auth::Inbound::AuthChallengeSolution {
@@ -361,7 +358,7 @@ pub async fn challenge_auth_rejects_integrity_tag_mismatch_when_unsealed() {
     actors
         .vault
         .ask(Bootstrap {
-            seal_key_raw: SafeCell::new(b"test-seal-key".to_vec()),
+            seal_key: arbiter_server::crypto::KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]),
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -371,8 +368,8 @@ pub async fn challenge_auth_rejects_integrity_tag_mismatch_when_unsealed() {
 
     {
         let mut conn = db.get().await.unwrap();
-        insert_into(schema::useragent_client::table)
-            .values((schema::useragent_client::public_key.eq(pubkey_bytes.clone()),))
+        insert_into(schema::operator_identity::table)
+            .values((schema::operator_identity::public_key.eq(pubkey_bytes.clone()),))
             .execute(&mut conn)
             .await
             .unwrap();
@@ -381,8 +378,8 @@ pub async fn challenge_auth_rejects_integrity_tag_mismatch_when_unsealed() {
     let (server_transport, mut test_transport) = start_transport_pair();
     let db_for_task = db.clone();
     let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
-        let mut props = UserAgentConnection::new(db_for_task, actors);
-        user_agent::start(&mut props, server_transport, Box::new(NullOobSender)).await
+        let mut props = OperatorConnection::new(db_for_task, actors);
+        operator::start(&mut props, server_transport, Box::new(NullOobSender)).await
     });
 
     test_transport
@@ -405,7 +402,7 @@ pub async fn challenge_auth_rejects_integrity_tag_mismatch_when_unsealed() {
         Err(err) => panic!("Expected Ok response, got Err({err:?})"),
     };
 
-    let signature = sign_useragent_challenge(&new_key, &challenge);
+    let signature = sign_operator_challenge(&new_key, &challenge);
 
     test_transport
         .send(auth::Inbound::AuthChallengeSolution {
@@ -422,7 +419,7 @@ pub async fn challenge_auth_rejects_integrity_tag_mismatch_when_unsealed() {
 
     assert!(matches!(
         task.await.unwrap(),
-        Err(user_agent::Error::Internal(_))
+        Err(operator::Error::Internal(_))
     ));
 }
 
@@ -434,7 +431,7 @@ pub async fn challenge_auth_rejects_invalid_signature() {
     actors
         .vault
         .ask(Bootstrap {
-            seal_key_raw: SafeCell::new(b"test-seal-key".to_vec()),
+            seal_key: arbiter_server::crypto::KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]),
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -444,9 +441,9 @@ pub async fn challenge_auth_rejects_invalid_signature() {
 
     {
         let mut conn = db.get().await.unwrap();
-        let id: i32 = insert_into(schema::useragent_client::table)
-            .values((schema::useragent_client::public_key.eq(pubkey_bytes.clone()),))
-            .returning(schema::useragent_client::id)
+        let id: i32 = insert_into(schema::operator_identity::table)
+            .values((schema::operator_identity::public_key.eq(pubkey_bytes.clone()),))
+            .returning(schema::operator_identity::id)
             .get_result(&mut conn)
             .await
             .unwrap();
@@ -466,7 +463,7 @@ pub async fn challenge_auth_rejects_invalid_signature() {
     let (mut server_transport, mut test_transport) = ChannelTransport::new();
     let db_for_task = db.clone();
     let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
-        let mut props = UserAgentConnection::new(db_for_task, actors);
+        let mut props = OperatorConnection::new(db_for_task, actors);
         auth::authenticate(&mut props, &mut server_transport).await
     });
 
@@ -490,7 +487,7 @@ pub async fn challenge_auth_rejects_invalid_signature() {
         Err(err) => panic!("Expected Ok response, got Err({err:?})"),
     };
 
-    let signature = sign_useragent_challenge(&new_key, &tamper_challenge(&challenge));
+    let signature = sign_operator_challenge(&new_key, &tamper_challenge(&challenge));
 
     test_transport
         .send(auth::Inbound::AuthChallengeSolution {

server/crates/arbiter-server/tests/operator/unseal.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
-use arbiter_crypto::{
-    authn,
-    safecell::{SafeCell, SafeCellHandle as _},
-};
+use arbiter_crypto::authn;
 use arbiter_server::{
     actors::{
         GlobalActors,
         vault::{Bootstrap, Seal},
     },
     db,
-    peers::user_agent::{
+    peers::operator::{
         Credentials,
         vault_gate::{
             Error as VaultGateError, HandleHandshake, HandleUnsealEncryptedKey, VaultGate,
@@ -22,7 +19,7 @@ use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use x25519_dalek::{EphemeralSecret, PublicKey};
 
 async fn setup_sealed_gate(
-    seal_key: &[u8],
+    seal_key: &[u8; 32],
 ) -> (
     db::DatabasePool,
     kameo::actor::ActorRef<VaultGate>,
@@ -34,7 +31,7 @@ async fn setup_sealed_gate(
     actors
         .vault
         .ask(Bootstrap {
-            seal_key_raw: SafeCell::new(seal_key.to_vec()),
+            seal_key: arbiter_server::crypto::KeyCell::from(*seal_key),
         })
         .await
         .unwrap();
@@ -50,7 +47,7 @@ async fn setup_sealed_gate(
 
 async fn client_dh_encrypt(
     gate: &kameo::actor::ActorRef<VaultGate>,
-    key_to_send: &[u8],
+    key_to_send: &[u8; 32],
 ) -> HandleUnsealEncryptedKey {
     let client_secret = EphemeralSecret::random();
     let client_public = PublicKey::from(&client_secret);
@@ -83,7 +80,7 @@ async fn client_dh_encrypt(
 #[tokio::test]
 #[test_log::test]
 pub async fn unseal_success() {
-    let seal_key = b"test-seal-key";
+    let seal_key = b"test-seal-key-padded-to-32bytes!";
     let (_db, gate, _promotion_rx) = setup_sealed_gate(seal_key).await;
 
     let encrypted_key = client_dh_encrypt(&gate, seal_key).await;
@@ -95,10 +92,10 @@ pub async fn unseal_success() {
 #[tokio::test]
 #[test_log::test]
 pub async fn unseal_wrong_seal_key() {
-    let seal_key = b"test-seal-key";
+    let seal_key = b"test-seal-key-padded-to-32bytes!";
     let (_db, gate, _promotion_rx) = setup_sealed_gate(seal_key).await;
 
-    let encrypted_key = client_dh_encrypt(&gate, b"wrong-key").await;
+    let encrypted_key = client_dh_encrypt(&gate, b"wrong-key-padded-to-32-bytes!!!!").await;
 
     let response = gate.ask(encrypted_key).await;
     assert!(matches!(
@@ -112,7 +109,7 @@ pub async fn unseal_wrong_seal_key() {
 #[tokio::test]
 #[test_log::test]
 pub async fn unseal_corrupted_ciphertext() {
-    let seal_key = b"test-seal-key";
+    let seal_key = b"test-seal-key-padded-to-32bytes!";
     let (_db, gate, _promotion_rx) = setup_sealed_gate(seal_key).await;
 
     let client_secret = EphemeralSecret::random();
@@ -143,11 +140,11 @@ pub async fn unseal_corrupted_ciphertext() {
 #[tokio::test]
 #[test_log::test]
 pub async fn unseal_retry_after_invalid_key() {
-    let seal_key = b"real-seal-key";
+    let seal_key = b"real-seal-key-padded-to-32bytes!";
     let (_db, gate, _promotion_rx) = setup_sealed_gate(seal_key).await;
 
     {
-        let encrypted_key = client_dh_encrypt(&gate, b"wrong-key").await;
+        let encrypted_key = client_dh_encrypt(&gate, b"wrong-key-padded-to-32-bytes!!!!").await;
 
         let response = gate.ask(encrypted_key).await;
         assert!(matches!(

server/crates/arbiter-server/tests/user_agent.rs

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-mod common;
-
-#[path = "user_agent/auth.rs"]
-mod auth;
-#[path = "user_agent/unseal.rs"]
-mod unseal;

server/crates/arbiter-server/tests/vault/concurrency.rs

@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ async fn decrypt_roundtrip_after_high_concurrency() {
         .await
         .unwrap();
     decryptor
-        .try_unseal(SafeCell::new(b"test-seal-key".to_vec()))
+        .try_unseal(arbiter_server::crypto::KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]))
         .await
         .unwrap();
 

server/crates/arbiter-server/tests/vault/lifecycle.rs

@@ -3,14 +3,19 @@ use arbiter_crypto::safecell::{SafeCell, SafeCellHandle as _};
 use arbiter_server::{
     actors::{
         GlobalActors,
-        vault::{Error, Vault},
+        vault::{Error, GetState, Vault, VaultState},
+        vault_coordinator::{
+            ContributeBootstrap, ContributeRecoveryBootstrap, ContributeRecoveryUnseal,
+            Error as CoordinatorError, StartBootstrap, VaultCoordinator,
+        },
     },
-    crypto::encryption::v1::{Nonce, ROOT_KEY_TAG},
+    crypto::{KeyCell, encryption::v1::{Nonce, ROOT_KEY_TAG}},
     db::{self, models, schema},
 };
 
-use diesel::{QueryDsl, SelectableHelper};
+use diesel::{ExpressionMethods, QueryDsl, SelectableHelper, insert_into};
 use diesel_async::RunQueryDsl;
+use kameo::actor::Spawn as _;
 
 #[tokio::test]
 #[test_log::test]
@@ -20,7 +25,7 @@ async fn test_bootstrap() {
         .await
         .unwrap();
 
-    let seal_key = SafeCell::new(b"test-seal-key".to_vec());
+    let seal_key = KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]);
     actor.bootstrap(seal_key).await.unwrap();
 
     let mut conn = db.get().await.unwrap();
@@ -43,7 +48,7 @@ async fn test_bootstrap_rejects_double() {
     let db = db::create_test_pool().await;
     let mut actor = common::bootstrapped_vault(&db).await;
 
-    let seal_key2 = SafeCell::new(b"test-seal-key".to_vec());
+    let seal_key2 = KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]);
     let err = actor.bootstrap(seal_key2).await.unwrap_err();
     assert!(matches!(err, Error::AlreadyBootstrapped));
 }
@@ -105,7 +110,7 @@ async fn test_unseal_correct_password() {
     let mut actor = Vault::new(db.clone(), GlobalActors::spawn_message_bus())
         .await
         .unwrap();
-    let seal_key = SafeCell::new(b"test-seal-key".to_vec());
+    let seal_key = KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]);
     actor.try_unseal(seal_key).await.unwrap();
 
     let mut decrypted = actor.decrypt(aead_id).await.unwrap();
@@ -129,13 +134,137 @@ async fn test_unseal_wrong_then_correct_password() {
         .await
         .unwrap();
 
-    let bad_key = SafeCell::new(b"wrong-password".to_vec());
+    let bad_key = KeyCell::from([1u8; 32]);
     let err = actor.try_unseal(bad_key).await.unwrap_err();
     assert!(matches!(err, Error::InvalidKey));
 
-    let good_key = SafeCell::new(b"test-seal-key".to_vec());
+    let good_key = KeyCell::from([0u8; 32]);
     actor.try_unseal(good_key).await.unwrap();
 
     let mut decrypted = actor.decrypt(aead_id).await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(*decrypted.read(), plaintext);
 }
+
+#[tokio::test]
+#[test_log::test]
+async fn two_operator_vault_requires_recovery_share() {
+    let db = db::create_test_pool().await;
+    let bus = GlobalActors::spawn_message_bus();
+    let vault_ref = Vault::spawn(Vault::new(db.clone(), bus).await.unwrap());
+    let coordinator = VaultCoordinator::spawn(VaultCoordinator::new(db, vault_ref));
+
+    let err = coordinator
+        .ask(StartBootstrap {
+            operator_id: 1,
+            declared_count: 2,
+            recovery_count: 0,
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(
+        matches!(
+            err,
+            kameo::error::SendError::HandlerError(CoordinatorError::TwoOperatorsRequireRecovery)
+        ),
+        "expected TwoOperatorsRequireRecovery, got {err:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// §3.4: Bootstrap with 1 ordinary + 1 recovery operator produces a valid 1-of-2 Shamir split.
+/// Both ordinary and recovery shares are stored; the vault can be unsealed with either one.
+#[tokio::test]
+#[test_log::test]
+async fn recovery_share_stored_and_used_for_unseal() {
+    let db = db::create_test_pool().await;
+    let bus = GlobalActors::spawn_message_bus();
+    let vault_ref = Vault::spawn(Vault::new(db.clone(), bus).await.unwrap());
+    let coordinator = VaultCoordinator::spawn(VaultCoordinator::new(db.clone(), vault_ref.clone()));
+
+    // Register one ordinary operator and one recovery operator in the DB
+    let ordinary_id: i32 = {
+        let mut conn = db.get().await.unwrap();
+        insert_into(schema::operator_identity::table)
+            .values(schema::operator_identity::public_key.eq(vec![1u8; 32]))
+            .returning(schema::operator_identity::id)
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    let recovery_id: i32 = {
+        let mut conn = db.get().await.unwrap();
+        insert_into(schema::recovery_operator_identity::table)
+            .values(schema::recovery_operator_identity::public_key.eq(vec![2u8; 32]))
+            .returning(schema::recovery_operator_identity::id)
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+
+    // Declare committee: 1 ordinary + 1 recovery
+    coordinator
+        .ask(StartBootstrap {
+            operator_id: ordinary_id,
+            declared_count: 1,
+            recovery_count: 1,
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    // Recovery operator contributes first — bootstrap should not finalize yet
+    let done = coordinator
+        .ask(ContributeRecoveryBootstrap {
+            recovery_operator_id: recovery_id,
+            passphrase: SafeCell::new(b"recovery-pass".to_vec()),
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(!done, "should not finalize with only recovery passphrase");
+
+    // Ordinary operator contributes — now bootstrap finalizes
+    let done = coordinator
+        .ask(ContributeBootstrap {
+            operator_id: ordinary_id,
+            passphrase: SafeCell::new(b"ordinary-pass".to_vec()),
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(done, "should finalize once all contributors are in");
+
+    // After bootstrap, vault is Unsealed (seal key still in memory).
+    let state = vault_ref.ask(GetState {}).await.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state, VaultState::Unsealed);
+
+    // Verify recovery_operator row was created
+    let recovery_share_count: i64 = {
+        let mut conn = db.get().await.unwrap();
+        schema::recovery_operator::table
+            .count()
+            .get_result(&mut conn)
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(recovery_share_count, 1);
+
+    // Simulate restart: drop vault and coordinator, create fresh vault (comes up Sealed).
+    drop(coordinator);
+    drop(vault_ref);
+    let bus2 = GlobalActors::spawn_message_bus();
+    let vault_ref2 = Vault::spawn(Vault::new(db.clone(), bus2).await.unwrap());
+    let state = vault_ref2.ask(GetState {}).await.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state, VaultState::Sealed);
+
+    // §3.5: Unseal using ONLY the recovery operator share (threshold = shamir_threshold(1) = 1).
+    let coordinator2 = VaultCoordinator::spawn(VaultCoordinator::new(db.clone(), vault_ref2.clone()));
+    let done = coordinator2
+        .ask(ContributeRecoveryUnseal {
+            recovery_operator_id: recovery_id,
+            passphrase: SafeCell::new(b"recovery-pass".to_vec()),
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(done, "recovery share alone should satisfy threshold");
+
+    let state = vault_ref2.ask(GetState {}).await.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state, VaultState::Unsealed);
+}

server/crates/arbiter-tokens-registry/Cargo.toml

@@ -5,3 +5,7 @@ edition = "2024"
 
 [dependencies]
 alloy.workspace = true
+
+[lib]
+test = false
+doctest = false